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Heavy Metals in River Sediments: Contamination, Toxicity, and Source Identification—A Case Study from Poland

Author

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  • Mariusz Sojka

    (Department of Land Improvement, Environmental Development and Spatial Management, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska St. 94, 60-649 Poznań, Poland)

  • Joanna Jaskuła

    (Department of Land Improvement, Environmental Development and Spatial Management, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska St. 94, 60-649 Poznań, Poland)

Abstract

This study investigated the spatial distribution, contamination, potential ecological risks and quantities of pollutant sources of six heavy metals (HMs) in sediments of 47 rivers. The catchments of the investigated rivers are situated in Poland, but some of them are located in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Germany. Cluster analysis was applied to analyze the spatial distribution of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in river sediments. Moran I and Getis-Ord G i * statistics were calculated to reveal the distribution pattern and hotspot values. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were used to identify pollution sources. Furthermore, geochemical indices and sediment quality guidelines allowed us to assess sediment contamination and potential toxic effects on aquatic biota. The results showed that in 1/3rd of the rivers, the HM pattern and concentrations indicate sediment contamination. The EF, PLI, and MPI indices indicate that concentrations were at a rather low level in 2/3rd of the analyzed rivers. Only in individual rivers may the HMs have toxic effects on aquatic biota. Spatial autocorrelation analysis using the Moran I statistic revealed a random and dispersed pattern of HMs in river sediments. PCA analysis identified two sources of HMs’ delivery to the aquatic environment. Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn originate from point and non-point sources, while Cd concentrations have a dominant natural origin. The PMF identified three sources of pollution. Among them, urban pollution sources are responsible for Cu delivery, agricultural pollution for Zn, and industrial pollution for Ni and Cr. Moreover, the analysis showed no relationship between catchment land-use patterns and HM content in river sediments.

Suggested Citation

  • Mariusz Sojka & Joanna Jaskuła, 2022. "Heavy Metals in River Sediments: Contamination, Toxicity, and Source Identification—A Case Study from Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-25, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:17:p:10502-:d:895584
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yan Li & Liping Mei & Shenglu Zhou & Zhenyi Jia & Junxiao Wang & Baojie Li & Chunhui Wang & Shaohua Wu, 2018. "Analysis of Historical Sources of Heavy Metals in Lake Taihu Based on the Positive Matrix Factorization Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-12, July.
    2. H. Kelejian, Harry & Prucha, Ingmar R., 2001. "On the asymptotic distribution of the Moran I test statistic with applications," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 104(2), pages 219-257, September.
    3. Paweł Tomczyk & Bernard Gałka & Mirosław Wiatkowski & Bogna Buta & Łukasz Gruss, 2021. "Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Sediment Pollutants Accumulated in the Vicinity of a Small Hydropower Plant," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-20, September.
    4. Łukasz Borek & Tomasz Kowalik, 2022. "Hydromorphological Inventory and Evaluation of the Upland Stream: Case Study of a Small Ungauged Catchment in Western Carpathians, Poland," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-21, January.
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    3. Cris Edward F. Monjardin & Christopher Power & Delia B. Senoro, 2023. "Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Manganese Contamination in Relation to River Morphology: A Study of the Boac and Mogpog Rivers in Marinduque, Philippines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-26, May.

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