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Exposure to Childhood Healthcare Discrimination and Healthcare Avoidance among Transgender and Gender Independent Adults during a Global Pandemic

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  • Kyle Liam Mason

    (Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA)

  • Shelby A. Smout

    (Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA)

  • Catherine S. J. Wall

    (Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA)

  • B. Ethan Coston

    (Department of Gender, Sexuality, & Women’s Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA)

  • Paul B. Perrin

    (Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA)

  • Eric G. Benotsch

    (Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA)

Abstract

Transgender and gender-independent individuals (TGI) encounter myriad barriers to accessing affirming healthcare. Healthcare discrimination and erasure exposure among TGI individuals is vital to understanding healthcare accessibility, utilization behaviors, and health disparities in this population. Exposure to gender identity-related healthcare discrimination and erasure in childhood may contribute to TGI adults’ healthcare utilization behaviors. The commonality of childhood exposure to gender identity-related healthcare discrimination and its relationship to healthcare avoidance during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic among TGI adults were explored. TGI adults aged 18 to 59 (N = 342) in the United States were recruited online during the summer of 2020. Among individuals who reported childhood exposure to gender identity-related healthcare discrimination, 51% reported experiencing two or more distinct forms of discrimination. Hierarchical logistic regression indicated that exposure to healthcare discrimination in childhood significantly increased the odds of healthcare avoidance during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, after accounting for demographic factors and self-reported COVID-19 symptoms (odds ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval = 1.10, 1.54). These findings suggest that childhood exposure to gender identity-related healthcare discrimination is a prominent barrier to the utilization of healthcare for TGI adults, even during a global pandemic.

Suggested Citation

  • Kyle Liam Mason & Shelby A. Smout & Catherine S. J. Wall & B. Ethan Coston & Paul B. Perrin & Eric G. Benotsch, 2022. "Exposure to Childhood Healthcare Discrimination and Healthcare Avoidance among Transgender and Gender Independent Adults during a Global Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-10, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:12:p:7440-:d:841281
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cuiyan Wang & Riyu Pan & Xiaoyang Wan & Yilin Tan & Linkang Xu & Cyrus S. Ho & Roger C. Ho, 2020. "Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-25, March.
    2. Palan, Stefan & Schitter, Christian, 2018. "Prolific.ac—A subject pool for online experiments," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(C), pages 22-27.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mason, Kyle L. & Hood, Kristina B. & Perrin, Paul B. & Belgrave, Faye Z. & Allison, Kevin W. & Coston, B. Ethan, 2024. "Direct and vicarious exposure to healthcare discrimination and erasure among transgender and gender independent individuals: Testing the indirect effect of mistrust in healthcare on utilization behavi," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    2. Wall, Catherine S.J. & Patev, Alison J. & Benotsch, Eric G., 2023. "Trans broken arm syndrome: A mixed-methods exploration of gender-related medical misattribution and invasive questioning," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).

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