IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i10p5968-d815524.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Teachers during the Second COVID-19 Wave

Author

Listed:
  • Pablo A. Lizana

    (Laboratory of Epidemiology and Morphological Sciences, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile)

  • Lydia Lera

    (Latin Division, Keiser University, Online Education, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309, USA)

Abstract

There is a strong background indicating that the teaching profession is one of the most stressful and that their mental health has deteriorated even further during the pandemic. However, there is a little background about the impact of the COVID-19 infection peaks and teachers’ mental health. To this end, 313 teachers were recruited. Via online questionnaires, an evaluation was performed on their depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms on the DASS-21 scale. Teachers’ sociodemographic and socio-personal data were also analyzed. A binary logistic regression was used to analyze the variables which could be associated with each of the symptoms. High rates of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were observed among teachers (67%, 73%, and 86%, respectively). Among teachers who were affected by the work–family balance (89%), there was also an increased risk of symptoms of anxiety (OR: 3.2) and stress (OR: 3.5). Depression symptom risk was higher among women (OR: 2.2), and teachers under 35 years old had a risk of presenting all three symptoms (depression OR: 2.2; anxiety OR: 4.0; stress OR 3.0). In contrast, teaching in private educational establishments was a protective factor for anxiety symptoms (OR: 0.3). The results suggest that the second COVID-19 wave profoundly affected teachers’ mental health. Urgent interventions are thus needed to aid teachers’ mental health.

Suggested Citation

  • Pablo A. Lizana & Lydia Lera, 2022. "Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Teachers during the Second COVID-19 Wave," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-12, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:10:p:5968-:d:815524
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/10/5968/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/10/5968/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pablo A. Lizana & Gustavo Vega-Fernadez & Alejandro Gomez-Bruton & Bárbara Leyton & Lydia Lera, 2021. "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Teacher Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study from before and during the Health Crisis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-11, April.
    2. Al Lily, Abdulrahman Essa & Ismail, Abdelrahim Fathy & Abunasser, Fathi Mohammed & Alhajhoj Alqahtani, Rafdan Hassan, 2020. "Distance education as a response to pandemics: Coronavirus and Arab culture," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    3. José-María Fernández-Batanero & Pedro Román-Graván & Miguel-María Reyes-Rebollo & Marta Montenegro-Rueda, 2021. "Impact of Educational Technology on Teacher Stress and Anxiety: A Literature Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-13, January.
    4. Pablo A. Lizana & Gustavo Vega-Fernadez, 2021. "Teacher Teleworking during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Association between Work Hours, Work–Family Balance and Quality of Life," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-11, July.
    5. Alexis Portilla & María Fernanda Meza & Pablo A. Lizana, 2022. "Association between Emotional Exhaustion and Tobacco Consumption in Teachers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-12, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Francesco Pace & Giulia Sciotto & Naomi Alexia Randazzo & Vincenza Macaluso, 2022. "Teachers’ Work-Related Well-Being in Times of COVID-19: The Effects of Technostress and Online Teaching," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-10, October.
    2. Iago Sávyo Duarte Santiago & Emanuelle Pereira dos Santos & José Arinelson da Silva & Yuri de Sousa Cavalcante & Jucier Gonçalves Júnior & Angélica Rodrigues de Souza Costa & Estelita Lima Cândido, 2023. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Teachers and Its Possible Risk Factors: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-30, January.
    3. Jerome Flores & Alejandra Caqueo-Urízar & Michael Escobar & Matías Irarrázaval, 2022. "Well-Being and Mental Health in Teachers: The Life Impact of COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-12, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Alexis Portilla & María Fernanda Meza & Pablo A. Lizana, 2022. "Association between Emotional Exhaustion and Tobacco Consumption in Teachers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-12, February.
    2. Diego Vergara-Rodríguez & Álvaro Antón-Sancho & Pablo Fernández-Arias, 2022. "Variables Influencing Professors’ Adaptation to Digital Learning Environments during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-20, March.
    3. Conțiu Tiberiu Șoitu & Silviu-Petru Grecu & Romeo Asiminei, 2022. "Health Security, Quality of Life and Democracy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Comparative Approach in the EU-27 Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-26, November.
    4. Roberto Carlos Dávila Morán & Eucaris del Carmen Agüero Corzo & Juan Manuel Sánchez Soto & Henri Emmanuel López Gómez, 2022. "Impact of Teleworking on the Health and Well-Being of Peruvian Workers in Times of Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-19, November.
    5. Johanna Andrea Navarro-Espinosa & Manuel Vaquero-Abellán & Alberto-Jesús Perea-Moreno & Gerardo Pedrós-Pérez & Pilar Aparicio-Martínez & Maria Pilar Martínez-Jiménez, 2021. "The Influence of Technology on Mental Well-Being of STEM Teachers at University Level: COVID-19 as a Stressor," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-23, September.
    6. Fabio Fontana & Kelsey Bourbeau & Terence Moriarty & Michael Pereira da Silva, 2022. "The Relationship between Physical Activity, Sleep Quality, and Stress: A Study of Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-9, November.
    7. Laura Parte & Teresa Herrador-Alcaide, 2021. "Teaching Disruption by COVID-19: Burnout, Isolation, and Sense of Belonging in Accounting Tutors in E-Learning and B-Learning," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-22, September.
    8. Irdina Farzana Ahmad Shazli & Noor Hidayah Che Lah & Mashitoh Hashim & Ramlah Mailok & Aslina Saad & Suraya Hamid, 2023. "A Comprehensive Study of Students’ Challenges and Perceptions of Emergency Remote Education During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Literature Review," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, December.
    9. Andi Muhammad Tri Sakti & Siti Zaiton Mohd Ajis & Arina Anis Azlan & Hyung Joon Kim & Elizabeth Wong & Emma Mohamad, 2022. "Impact of COVID-19 on School Populations and Associated Factors: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-17, March.
    10. Sandra Figueiredo & Raquel João & Laura Alho & João Hipólito, 2022. "Psychological Research on Sleep Problems and Adjustment of Working Hours during Teleworking in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploratory Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-14, November.
    11. Naiara Ozamiz-Etxebarria & Idoia Legorburu Fernnadez & Darren M. Lipnicki & Nahia Idoiaga Mondragon & Javier Santabárbara, 2023. "Prevalence of Burnout among Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-13, March.
    12. Mélèa Saïd & Sofia Temam & Stephanie Alexander & Nathalie Billaudeau & Marie Zins & Sofiane Kab & Marie-Noël Vercambre, 2022. "Teachers’ Health: How General, Mental and Functional Health Indicators Compare to Other Employees? A Large French Population-Based Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-15, September.
    13. Nathalie Billaudeau & Stephanie Alexander & Louise Magnard & Sofia Temam & Marie-Noël Vercambre, 2022. "What Levers to Promote Teachers’ Wellbeing during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: Lessons Learned from a 2021 Online Study in Six Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-17, July.
    14. Sergio Edú-Valsania & Ana Laguía & Juan A. Moriano, 2022. "Burnout: A Review of Theory and Measurement," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-27, February.
    15. Pheerasak Assavanopakun & Tharntip Promkutkao & Suchat Promkutkeo & Wachiranun Sirikul, 2022. "Perspectives and Factors Affecting the Preventive Behavior Pertinent to COVID-19 among School Employees in Chiang Mai, Thailand: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-12, May.
    16. Yasue Fukuda & Koji Fukuda, 2022. "Educators’ Psychosocial Burdens Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Predictive Factors: A Cross-Sectional Survey of the Relationship with Sense of Coherence and Social Capital," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-16, February.
    17. Amanda M. Wilson & Olusola O. Ogunseye & Olivia DiGioia & Lynn B. Gerald & Ashley A. Lowe, 2022. "Barriers to COVID-19 Intervention Implementation in K-5 Classrooms: A Survey of Teachers from a District with Mask Mandates despite a Statewide Mask Mandate Ban," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-10, July.
    18. Qi Li & Zhilong Xie & Guofang Zeng, 2023. "The Influence of Teaching Practicum on Foreign Language Teaching Anxiety Among Pre-Service EFL Teachers," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(1), pages 21582440221, January.
    19. Van de Casteele, Marlies & Waterschoot, Joachim & Anthierens, Sibyl & DeSmet, Ann & Galand, Benoit & Goossens, Herman & Morbée, Sofie & Vansteenkiste, Maarten, 2022. "Saliva testing among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects on health concerns, well-being, and precautionary behavior," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    20. Weerasinghe, S.P.S.P. & Dr. Herath, D.C.K. & Gunarathne, K.A.T.N.T. & Chandrasiri, D.B.P.S. & Premasara, J.M. & Jayaweera, K.K.T & Chandrarathna, L.R. & Priyankara, M.G.A., 2022. "The Psychological Status of Government School Teachers in Gampaha District During Covid- 19," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 6(7), pages 588-596, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:10:p:5968-:d:815524. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.