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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust Collected during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Saudi Arabia: Status, Sources and Human Health Risks

Author

Listed:
  • Sultan Hassan Alamri

    (Department of Family Medicine, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Nadeem Ali

    (Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hussain Mohammed Salem Ali Albar

    (Department of Community Medicine, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid

    (Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Nisreen Rajeh

    (Anatomy Department, Medical College, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Majdy Mohammed Ali Qutub

    (Department of Family Medicine, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Govindan Malarvannan

    (Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium)

Abstract

To control the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Saudi Arabia’s government imposed a strict lockdown during March–July 2020. As a result, the public was confined to indoors, and most of their daily activities were happening in their indoor places, which might have resulted in lower indoor environment quality. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in household dust ( n = 40) collected from different residential districts of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during the lockdown period. PAHs’ levels were two folds higher than the previously reported PAHs in indoor dust from this region. We detected low molecular weight (LMW) with two to four aromatic ring PAHs in all the samples with a significant contribution from Phenanthrene (Phe), present at an average concentration of 1590 ng/g of dust. Although high molecular weight (HMW) (5–6 aromatic ring) PAHs were detected at lower concentrations than LMW PAHs, however, they contributed >90% in the carcinogenic index of PAHs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of specific PAHs was above the reference dose (RfD) for young children in high-end exposure and the calculated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) was >1.00 × 10 −4 for both Saudi adults and young children. The study highlighted that indoor pollution has increased significantly during lockdown due to the increased indoor activities and inversely affect human health. This study also warrants to conduct more studies involving different chemicals to understand the indoor environment quality during strict lockdown conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Sultan Hassan Alamri & Nadeem Ali & Hussain Mohammed Salem Ali Albar & Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid & Nisreen Rajeh & Majdy Mohammed Ali Qutub & Govindan Malarvannan, 2021. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust Collected during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Saudi Arabia: Status, Sources and Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2743-:d:513006
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Amory Martin & Maryia Markhvida & Stéphane Hallegatte & Brian Walsh, 2020. "Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Household Consumption and Poverty," Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, Springer, vol. 4(3), pages 453-479, October.
    2. Hsin-I Hsu & Ming-Yeng Lin & Yu-Cheng Chen & Wang-Yi Chen & Chungsik Yoon & Mei-Ru Chen & Perng-Jy Tsai, 2014. "An Integrated Approach to Assess Exposure and Health-Risk from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Fastener Manufacturing Industry," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-17, September.
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    1. Ivana Jakovljević & Marija Dvoršćak & Karla Jagić & Darija Klinčić, 2022. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust in Croatia: Levels, Sources, and Human Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-12, September.

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