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Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM 2.5 in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China

Author

Listed:
  • Xinyu Han

    (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
    Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China)

  • Shuai Li

    (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
    Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China)

  • Zezheng Li

    (Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China)

  • Xiaochen Pang

    (Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China)

  • Yuzhai Bao

    (Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China)

  • Jianwu Shi

    (Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China)

  • Ping Ning

    (Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China)

Abstract

To explore the mass concentration levels and health risks of heavy metals in the air in dense traffic environments, PM 2.5 samples were collected at three sites in the city of Kunming in April and October 2013, and January and May 2014. Ten heavy metals––V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb––were analyzed by ICP–MS, and the results showed PM 2.5 concentrations significantly higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn, especially for Zn and Pb. The concentration of heavy metals on working days is significantly higher, indicating that vehicle emissions are significant contributors. An enrichment factor analysis showed that Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb come mainly from anthropogenic sources, while V and Co may be both anthropogenic and natural. The correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb mainly come from vehicles emissions and metallurgical industries; Cr and Mn, from vehicles emissions and road dust; and As, mainly from coal combustion. The health risk assessment shows that the non-carcinogenic risk thresholds of the heavy metals in PM 2.5 to children and adult men and women are all less than 1. The carcinogenic risk of Cr for men and women in traffic-intensive areas exceeds 10 −4 , reaching 1.64 × 10 −4 and 1.4 × 10 −4 , respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Xinyu Han & Shuai Li & Zezheng Li & Xiaochen Pang & Yuzhai Bao & Jianwu Shi & Ping Ning, 2021. "Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM 2.5 in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11004-:d:660219
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Soheil Sohrabi & Joe Zietsman & Haneen Khreis, 2020. "Burden of Disease Assessment of Ambient Air Pollution and Premature Mortality in Urban Areas: The Role of Socioeconomic Status and Transportation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-18, February.
    2. ., 2019. "Science and technology innovation," Chapters, in: Energy Innovation for the Twenty-First Century, chapter 4, pages 81-111, Edward Elgar Publishing.
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    Cited by:

    1. Fei Zhang & Mei Wan & Xinglong Pang & Lan Yao & Yao Fu & Wenjing Jiang & Jingna Zhu & Ciwen Zhang, 2022. "Chemical Characterization, Source Identification, and Health Risk Assessment of Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter in Winter in Hangzhou Bay," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-14, September.
    2. Sawaeng Kawichai & Susira Bootdee & Sopittaporn Sillapapiromsuk & Radshadaporn Janta, 2022. "Epidemiological Study on Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to PM2.5-Bound Toxic Metals in the Industrial Metropolitan of Rayong, Thailand," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.

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