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The Direct and Spillover Effect of Multi-Dimensional Urbanization on PM 2.5 Concentrations: A Case Study from the Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration in China

Author

Listed:
  • Sicheng Wang

    (College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China)

  • Pingjun Sun

    (College of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China)

  • Feng Sun

    (College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China)

  • Shengnan Jiang

    (College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China)

  • Zhaomin Zhang

    (College of Management, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518000, China)

  • Guoen Wei

    (College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China)

Abstract

The Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration (CUA) faces considerable air quality concerns, although the situation has improved in the past 15 years. The driving effects of population, land and economic urbanization on PM 2.5 concentrations in the CUA have largely been overlooked in previous studies. The contributions of natural and socio-economic factors to PM 2.5 concentrations have been ignored and the spillover effects of multi-dimensional urbanization on PM 2.5 concentrations have been underestimated. This study explores the spatial dependence and trend evolution of PM 2.5 concentrations in the CUA at the grid and county level, analyzing the direct and spillover effects of multi-dimensional urbanization on PM 2.5 concentrations. The results show that the mean PM 2.5 concentrations in CUA dropped to 48.05 μg/m 3 at an average annual rate of 4.6% from 2000 to 2015; however, in 2015, there were still 91% of areas exposed to pollution risk (>35 μg/m 3 ). The PM 2.5 concentrations in 92.98% of the area have slowly decreased but are rising in some areas, such as Shimian County, Xuyong County and Gulin County. The PM 2.5 concentrations in this region presented a spatial dependence pattern of “cold spots in the east and hot spots in the west”. Urbanization was not the only factor contributing to PM 2.5 concentrations. Commercial trade, building development and atmospheric pressure were found to have significant contributions. The spillover effect of multi-dimensional urbanization was found to be generally stronger than the direct effects and the positive impact of land urbanization on PM 2.5 concentrations was stronger than population and economic urbanization. The findings provide support for urban agglomerations such as CUA that are still being cultivated to carry out cross-city joint control strategies of PM 2.5 concentrations, also proving that PM 2.5 pollution control should not only focus on urban socio-economic development strategies but should be an integration of work optimization in various areas such as population agglomeration, land expansion, economic construction, natural adaptation and socio-economic adjustment.

Suggested Citation

  • Sicheng Wang & Pingjun Sun & Feng Sun & Shengnan Jiang & Zhaomin Zhang & Guoen Wei, 2021. "The Direct and Spillover Effect of Multi-Dimensional Urbanization on PM 2.5 Concentrations: A Case Study from the Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:20:p:10609-:d:653111
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    Cited by:

    1. Guangzhi Qi & Zhibao Wang & Zhixiu Wang & Lijie Wei, 2022. "Has Industrial Upgrading Improved Air Pollution?—Evidence from China’s Digital Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-18, July.
    2. Jianshu Li & Mo Bi & Guoen Wei, 2022. "Investigating the Impacts of Urbanization on Vegetation Net Primary Productivity: A Case Study of Chengdu–Chongqing Urban Agglomeration from the Perspective of Townships," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-15, November.
    3. Sicheng Wang & Feng Lu & Guoen Wei, 2022. "Direct and Spillover Effects of Urban Land Expansion on Habitat Quality in Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-20, November.
    4. Jie Chang & Pingjun Sun & Guoen Wei, 2022. "Spatial Driven Effects of Multi-Dimensional Urbanization on Carbon Emissions: A Case Study in Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-19, October.
    5. Sicheng Wang & Yuanyuan Guo & Hao Zhang & Mingming Gao, 2023. "A Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions Evaluation Model for Traditional Residential Houses: Applying to Traditional Dong Dwellings in Qandongnan, Guizhou Province, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-31, September.

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