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Relationship between Green and Blue Spaces with Mental and Physical Health: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Observational Studies

Author

Listed:
  • Mariya Geneshka

    (Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 4DD, UK)

  • Peter Coventry

    (Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 4DD, UK
    York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York YO10 4DD, UK)

  • Joana Cruz

    (Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
    Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond St. Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK)

  • Simon Gilbody

    (Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 4DD, UK)

Abstract

There is growing interest in the ways natural environments influence the development and progression of long-term health conditions. Vegetation and water bodies, also known as green and blue spaces, have the potential to affect health and behaviour through the provision of aesthetic spaces for relaxation, socialisation and physical activity. While research has previously assessed how green and blue spaces affect mental and physical wellbeing, little is known about the relationship between these exposures and health outcomes over time. This systematic review summarised the published evidence from longitudinal observational studies on the relationship between exposure to green and blue space with mental and physical health in adults. Included health outcomes were common mental health conditions, severe mental health conditions and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). An online bibliographic search of six databases was completed in July 2020. After title, abstract and full-text screening, 44 eligible studies were included in the analysis. Depression, diabetes and obesity were the health conditions most frequently studied in longitudinal relationships. The majority of exposures included indicators of green space availability and urban green space accessibility. Few studies addressed the relationship between blue space and health. The narrative synthesis pointed towards mixed evidence of a protective relationship between exposure to green space and health. There was high heterogeneity in exposure measures and adjustment for confounding between studies. Future policy and research should seek a standardised approach towards measuring green and blue space exposures and employ theoretical grounds for confounder adjustment.

Suggested Citation

  • Mariya Geneshka & Peter Coventry & Joana Cruz & Simon Gilbody, 2021. "Relationship between Green and Blue Spaces with Mental and Physical Health: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Observational Studies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-29, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:17:p:9010-:d:622702
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Xindi Zhang & Yixin Zhang & Jun Zhai & Yongfa Wu & Anyuan Mao, 2021. "Waterscapes for Promoting Mental Health in the General Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-15, November.
    4. Yu Sun & Xintong Ma & Yifeng Liu & Lingquan Meng, 2023. "Salary Satisfaction of Employees at Workplace on a Large Area of Planted Land," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-24, November.
    5. Zheng Xian & Tomoki Nakaya & Kun Liu & Bing Zhao & Junhua Zhang & Jiao Zhang & Yuxuan Lin & Jinguang Zhang, 2024. "The effects of neighbourhood green spaces on mental health of disadvantaged groups: a systematic review," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-19, December.
    6. Lisa Dandolo & Klaus Telkmann & Christina Hartig & Sophie Horstmann & Sara Pedron & Lars Schwettmann & Peter Selsam & Alexandra Schneider & Gabriele Bolte & on behalf of the INGER Study Group, 2023. "Do Multiple Sex/Gender Dimensions Play a Role in the Association of Green Space and Self-Rated Health? Model-Based Recursive Partitioning Results from the KORA INGER Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(7), pages 1-23, March.

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