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Life Cycle Assessment on Wave and Tidal Energy Systems: A Review of Current Methodological Practice

Author

Listed:
  • Xizhuo Zhang

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China)

  • Longfei Zhang

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China)

  • Yujun Yuan

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China)

  • Qiang Zhai

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China)

Abstract

Recent decades have witnessed wave and tidal energy technology receiving considerable attention because of their low carbon emissions during electricity production. However, indirect emissions from their entire life cycle should not be ignored. Therefore, life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely applied as a useful approach to systematically evaluate the environmental performance of wave and tidal energy technologies. This study reviews recent LCA studies on wave and tidal energy systems for stakeholders to understand current status of methodological practice and associated inherent limitations and reveal future research needs for application of LCA on wave and tidal technologies. The conformance of the selected LCAs to ISO 14040 (2006) and 14044 (2006) are critically analyzed in strict accordance with the ISO stepwise methodologies, namely, goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, as well as life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Our systematically screening of these studies indicates that few of the selected studies are of strict conformance with ISO 14040 and 14044 standards, which makes the results unreliable and thus further reduces the confidence of interested stakeholders. Further, our review indicates that current LCA practice on wave and tidal energies is lacking consideration of temporal variations, which should be addressed in future research, as it causes inaccuracy and uncertainties.

Suggested Citation

  • Xizhuo Zhang & Longfei Zhang & Yujun Yuan & Qiang Zhai, 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment on Wave and Tidal Energy Systems: A Review of Current Methodological Practice," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:5:p:1604-:d:327403
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Graciela Rivera & Angélica Felix & Edgar Mendoza, 2020. "A Review on Environmental and Social Impacts of Thermal Gradient and Tidal Currents Energy Conversion and Application to the Case of Chiapas, Mexico," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-18, October.
    2. Roger Samsó & Júlia Crespin & Antonio García-Olivares & Jordi Solé, 2023. "Examining the Potential of Marine Renewable Energy: A Net Energy Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-35, May.
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