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Lifestyle Risk Factors and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging

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  • Inhwan Lee

    (College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea)

  • Shinuk Kim

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan 31066, Korea)

  • Hyunsik Kang

    (College of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea)

Abstract

This study examined the association between lifestyle risk factors and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in 9945 Korea adults (56% women) aged 45 years and older. Smoking, heavy alcohol intake, underweight or obesity, physical inactivity, and unintentional weight loss (UWL) were included as risk factors. During 9.6 ± 2.0 years of follow-up, there were a total of 1530 cases of death from all causes, of which 365 cases were from CVD. Compared to a zero risk factor (hazard ratio, HR = 1), the crude HR of all-cause mortality was 1.864 (95% CI, 1.509–2.303) for one risk factor, 2.487 (95% confidence interval, CI, 2.013–3.072) for two risk factors, and 3.524 (95% CI, 2.803–4.432) for three or more risk factors. Compared to a zero risk factor (HR = 1), the crude HR of CVD mortality was 2.566 (95% CI, 1.550–4.250) for one risk factor, 3.655 (95% CI, 2.211–6.043) for two risk factor, and 5.416 (95% CI, 3.185–9.208) for three or more risk factors. The HRs for all-cause and CVD mortality remained significant even after adjustments for measured covariates. The current findings showed that five lifestyle risk factors, including smoking, at-risk alcohol consumption, underweight/obesity, physical inactivity, and UWL, were significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in Korean adults.

Suggested Citation

  • Inhwan Lee & Shinuk Kim & Hyunsik Kang, 2019. "Lifestyle Risk Factors and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-11, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:17:p:3040-:d:259795
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stephen B Kritchevsky & Kristen M Beavers & Michael E Miller & M Kyla Shea & Denise K Houston & Dalane W Kitzman & Barbara J Nicklas, 2015. "Intentional Weight Loss and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(3), pages 1-12, March.
    2. Jang, Soong-Nang & Kawachi, Ichiro & Chang, Jiyeun & Boo, Kachung & Shin, Hyun-Gu & Lee, Hyejung & Cho, Sung-il, 2009. "Marital status, gender, and depression: Analysis of the baseline survey of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA)," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 1608-1615, December.
    3. Ford, E.S. & Zhao, G. & Tsai, J. & Li, C., 2011. "Low-Risk lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality: Findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey III mortality study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 101(10), pages 1922-1929.
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