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The Use of HPLC-PDA in Determining Nicotine and Nicotine-Related Alkaloids from E-Liquids: A Comparison of Five E-Liquid Brands Purchased Locally

Author

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  • Dominic Palazzolo

    (Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA)

  • John M. Nelson

    (Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
    Department of Biology, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA)

  • Zuri Hudson

    (Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA)

Abstract

E-liquid manufacturers are under scrutiny concerning the purity and concentration accuracy of nicotine and the minor nicotine-related alkaloids (NRAs) packaged in their products. In this communication we report concentrations of nicotine and five NRAs (nornicotine, cotinine, anabasine, anatabine, myosmine) from locally purchased E-liquids. Methods: Five brands of E-liquids (three bottles each) were purchased locally. Additionally, three bottles of reference E-liquid were prepared. Concentrations of nicotine and NRAs from each bottle were measured by HPLC. Concentrations of these alkaloids were also determined from electronic cigarette-generated aerosol and traditional cigarette smoke. Results: Nicotine concentrations in E-liquid brands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and in the reference E-liquid were 17.8 ± 4.1, 23.2 ± 0.7, 24.0 ± 0.9, 24.9 ± 0.2, 19.7 ± 0.3 and 20.4 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Concentrations normalized to 100% of product label were 74%, 97%, 100%, 104%, 109% and 102%, respectively. E-liquid brand 1 showed significance ( p < 0.001) between bottles, while the reference showed the least variability. Similar results were obtained for the NRAs. Results also indicated the NRAs in aerosol of the reference E-liquid are lower than in cigarette smoke. Conclusions: The amounts of NRAs present in E-liquids and E-liquid aerosol are less compared to cigarettes, however, inconsistencies and variation in nicotine concentrations supports the need for regulatory oversight.

Suggested Citation

  • Dominic Palazzolo & John M. Nelson & Zuri Hudson, 2019. "The Use of HPLC-PDA in Determining Nicotine and Nicotine-Related Alkaloids from E-Liquids: A Comparison of Five E-Liquid Brands Purchased Locally," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-13, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:17:p:3015-:d:259474
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Reinskje Talhout & Thomas Schulz & Ewa Florek & Jan Van Benthem & Piet Wester & Antoon Opperhuizen, 2011. "Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Konstantinos E. Farsalinos & I. Gene Gillman & Matt S. Melvin & Amelia R. Paolantonio & Wendy J. Gardow & Kathy E. Humphries & Sherri E. Brown & Konstantinos Poulas & Vassilis Voudris, 2015. "Nicotine Levels and Presence of Selected Tobacco-Derived Toxins in Tobacco Flavoured Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-14, March.
    3. Jacob III, P. & Yu, L. & Shulgin, A.T. & Benowitz, N.L., 1999. "Minor tobacco alkaloids as biomarkers for tobacco use: Comparison of users of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars, and pipes," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 89(5), pages 731-736.
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    Cited by:

    1. Dominic L. Palazzolo & Jordan Caudill & James Baron & Kevin Cooper, 2021. "Fabrication and Validation of an Economical, Programmable, Dual-Channel, Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Generator," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-26, December.
    2. John M. Nelson & Giancarlo A. Cuadra & Dominic L. Palazzolo, 2019. "A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Planktonic Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-22, December.

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