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Association of Rare Earth Elements with Passive Smoking among Housewives in Shanxi Province, China

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  • Jigen Na

    (Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Huiting Chen

    (Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Hang An

    (Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Nan Li

    (Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Lailai Yan

    (Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Rongwei Ye

    (Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China)

  • Zhiwen Li

    (Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China)

Abstract

Background: Rare earth elements (REEs) are emerging contaminants. Previous studies reported the association between REEs and active smoking, but little is known about the effects of passive smoking on this condition. In China, female passive smoking is widespread, particularly in rural areas. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the relationship between REEs accumulation and passive smoking among rural housewives. Methods: We recruited 385 subjects in Shanxi Province of northern China, of whom 117 housewives were exposed to passive smoking, and 268 were not. We analyzed 15 REEs in the hair of housewives with ICP–MS, including lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, and yttrium. Results: The results indicated higher levels of 14 REEs except for Sm in both the univariate and adjusted models among the housewives exposed to passive smoking. The increasing linear trend of adjusted odds ratios of 15 REEs supported their association. The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models showed that 15 REEs had a significant overall effect, and Eu had a single-exposure effect with passive smoking. Conclusion: We concluded that passive smoking might be associated with increased exposure to REEs among rural housewives.

Suggested Citation

  • Jigen Na & Huiting Chen & Hang An & Nan Li & Lailai Yan & Rongwei Ye & Zhiwen Li, 2022. "Association of Rare Earth Elements with Passive Smoking among Housewives in Shanxi Province, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-12, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:1:p:559-:d:717741
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Reinskje Talhout & Thomas Schulz & Ewa Florek & Jan Van Benthem & Piet Wester & Antoon Opperhuizen, 2011. "Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Shiyi Cao & Chen Yang & Yong Gan & Zuxun Lu, 2015. "The Health Effects of Passive Smoking: An Overview of Systematic Reviews Based on Observational Epidemiological Evidence," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-12, October.
    3. Muliana Edi & Yit Siew Chin & Fui Chee Woon & Geeta Appannah & Poh Ying Lim & on behalf of the MICOS Research Group, 2021. "Inadequate Gestational Weight Gain and Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke during Pregnancy Increase the Risk of Low Birth Weight: A Cross-Sectional Study among Full-Term Infants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-12, January.
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