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Minor tobacco alkaloids as biomarkers for tobacco use: Comparison of users of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars, and pipes

Author

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  • Jacob III, P.
  • Yu, L.
  • Shulgin, A.T.
  • Benowitz, N.L.

Abstract

Objectives. This study (1) determined levels of various tobacco alkaloids in commercial tobacco products; (2) determined urinary concentrations, urinary excretion, and half-lives of the alkaloids in humans; and (3) examined the possibility that urine concentrations of nicotine- related alkaloids can be used as biomarkers of tobacco use. Methods. Nicotine intake from various tobacco products was determined through pharmacokinetic techniques. Correlations of nicotine intake with urinary excretion and concentrations of anabasine, anatabine, nornicotine, nicotine, and cotinine were examined. By using urinary excretion data, elimination half-lives of the alkaloids were calculated. Results. Alkaloid levels in commercial tobacco products, in milligrams per gram, were as follows: nicotine, 6.5 to 17.5; nornicotine, 0.14 to 0.66; anabasine, 0.008 to 0.030; and anatabine, 0.065 to 0.27. Measurable concentrations of all alkaloids were excreted in the urine of most subjects smoking cigarettes, cigars, and pipes and using smokeless tobacco. Correlations between nicotine intake and alkaloid concentrations were good to excellent. Conclusions. Anabasine and anatabine, which are present in tobacco but not in nicotine medications, can be used to assess tobacco use in persons undergoing nicotine replacement therapy.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacob III, P. & Yu, L. & Shulgin, A.T. & Benowitz, N.L., 1999. "Minor tobacco alkaloids as biomarkers for tobacco use: Comparison of users of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars, and pipes," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 89(5), pages 731-736.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1999:89:5:731-736_3
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    Cited by:

    1. Yen‐Chung Ho & Hsin‐Chien Lee & Mei‐Feng Lin & Hsiu‐Ju Chang, 2020. "Correlations among life stress, smoking behavior, and depressive symptoms in adolescents: A descriptive study with a mediating model," Nursing & Health Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 22(4), pages 949-957, December.
    2. Dominic Palazzolo & John M. Nelson & Zuri Hudson, 2019. "The Use of HPLC-PDA in Determining Nicotine and Nicotine-Related Alkaloids from E-Liquids: A Comparison of Five E-Liquid Brands Purchased Locally," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-13, August.
    3. Sungroul Kim & Benjamin J. Apelberg & Erika Avila-Tang & Lisa Hepp & Dongmin Yun & Jonathan M. Samet & Patrick N. Breysse, 2014. "Utility and Cutoff Value of Hair Nicotine as a Biomarker of Long-Term Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Compared to Salivary Cotinine," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-15, August.
    4. Tiller, Kelly & Starnes, Jane H. & Feleke, Shiferaw T., 2010. "What Does the “Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act” Mean to Tobacco Growers?," 2010 Annual Meeting, February 6-9, 2010, Orlando, Florida 56448, Southern Agricultural Economics Association.

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