IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i8p1908-d1631039.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Bi-Level Optimization Scheme for Energy Storage Configuration in High PV-Penetrated Distribution Networks Based on Improved Voltage Sensitivity Strategy

Author

Listed:
  • Bo Gao

    (School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China)

  • Qing Du

    (School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China)

  • Gonghao Zhan

    (School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China)

  • Jian Han

    (School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China)

Abstract

This study proposes a bi-level optimization strategy to determine the optimal location and capacity for energy storage systems. Before applying the proposed bi-level optimization scheme, the PV output data are clustered by the K-means algorithm, and an active power–voltage sensitivity strategy is presented to identify nodes with high sensitivity in the clustered PV output data. Based on the data of the clustered nodes, a bi-level optimization model is established to determine the optimal location, rated power, and capacity of energy storage using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, compared with traditional voltage sensitivity methods, some case studies with the proposed scheme are executed in the IEEE-33 bus system, which reveals better performance in reducing voltage deviation, network losses, and economic costs.

Suggested Citation

  • Bo Gao & Qing Du & Gonghao Zhan & Jian Han, 2025. "A Bi-Level Optimization Scheme for Energy Storage Configuration in High PV-Penetrated Distribution Networks Based on Improved Voltage Sensitivity Strategy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-23, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:8:p:1908-:d:1631039
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/8/1908/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/8/1908/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Petinrin, J.O. & Shaabanb, Mohamed, 2016. "Impact of renewable generation on voltage control in distribution systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 770-783.
    2. Ming-Yuan Chiang & Shyh-Chour Huang & Te-Ching Hsiao & Tung-Sheng Zhan & Ju-Chen Hou, 2022. "Optimal Sizing and Location of Photovoltaic Generation and Energy Storage Systems in an Unbalanced Distribution System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-22, September.
    3. Meimei Hao & Jinchen Lan & Lianhui Wang & Yan Lin & Jiang Wang & Liang Qin, 2024. "Optimized Dual-Layer Distributed Energy Storage Configuration for Voltage Over-Limit Zoning Governance in Distribution Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-19, April.
    4. Fangfang Zheng & Xiaofang Meng & Tiefeng Xu & Yongchang Sun & Nannan Zhang, 2023. "Voltage Zoning Regulation Method of Distribution Network with High Proportion of Photovoltaic Considering Energy Storage Configuration," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-19, July.
    5. Hui Wang & Jun Wang & Zailin Piao & Xiaofang Meng & Chao Sun & Gang Yuan & Sitong Zhu, 2020. "The Optimal Allocation and Operation of an Energy Storage System with High Penetration Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-22, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Virgilio Alfonso Murillo Rodríguez & Noé Villa Villaseñor & José Manuel Robles Solís & Omar Alejandro Guirette Barbosa, 2023. "Impact of Automation on Enhancing Energy Quality in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-25, August.
    2. Peerzada, Aaqib & Hanif, Sarmad & Tarekegne, Bethel & Baldwin, Diane & Bhattacharya, Saptarshi, 2024. "On the impact of tidal generation and energy storage integration in PV-rich electric distribution systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    3. Razavi, Seyed-Ehsan & Rahimi, Ehsan & Javadi, Mohammad Sadegh & Nezhad, Ali Esmaeel & Lotfi, Mohamed & Shafie-khah, Miadreza & Catalão, João P.S., 2019. "Impact of distributed generation on protection and voltage regulation of distribution systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 157-167.
    4. Ting Wang & Qiya Wang & Caiqing Zhang, 2021. "Research on the Optimal Operation of a Novel Renewable Multi-Energy Complementary System in Rural Areas," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, February.
    5. Huda, A.S.N. & Živanović, R., 2017. "Large-scale integration of distributed generation into distribution networks: Study objectives, review of models and computational tools," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 974-988.
    6. Gustavo Fernandes de Negreiros & Fábio Xavier Lobo & Igor Cavalcante Torres & Chigueru Tiba, 2023. "Impact on Voltage Regulation in Medium Voltage Distribution Networks Due to the Insertion of Photovoltaic Generators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-18, January.
    7. Papadopoulos, V. & Knockaert, J. & Develder, C. & Desmet, J., 2019. "Investigating the need for real time measurements in industrial wind power systems combined with battery storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C), pages 559-571.
    8. Vasileios Papadopoulos & Jos Knockaert & Chris Develder & Jan Desmet, 2020. "Peak Shaving through Battery Storage for Low-Voltage Enterprises with Peak Demand Pricing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-17, March.
    9. Ahmed A. Alguhi & Majed A. Alotaibi & Essam A. Al-Ammar, 2023. "Probabilistic Planning for an Energy Storage System Considering the Uncertainties in Smart Distribution Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-23, December.
    10. Piotr Kacejko & Paweł Pijarski, 2021. "Optimal Voltage Control in MV Network with Distributed Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-19, January.
    11. Ma, Wei & Wang, Wei & Chen, Zhe & Wu, Xuezhi & Hu, Ruonan & Tang, Fen & Zhang, Weige, 2021. "Voltage regulation methods for active distribution networks considering the reactive power optimization of substations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    12. Suprava Chakraborty & Sumit Verma & Aprajita Salgotra & Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan & Devaraj Elangovan & Lucian Mihet-Popa, 2021. "Solar-Based DG Allocation Using Harris Hawks Optimization While Considering Practical Aspects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-26, August.
    13. Maria M. Symeonidou & Effrosyni Giama & Agis M. Papadopoulos, 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment for Supporting Dimensioning Battery Storage Systems in Micro-Grids for Residential Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-16, September.
    14. Md. Shouquat Hossain & Naseer Abboodi Madlool & Ali Wadi Al-Fatlawi & Mamdouh El Haj Assad, 2023. "High Penetration of Solar Photovoltaic Structure on the Grid System Disruption: An Overview of Technology Advancement," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-25, January.
    15. Joos, Michael & Staffell, Iain, 2018. "Short-term integration costs of variable renewable energy: Wind curtailment and balancing in Britain and Germany," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 45-65.
    16. Soheil Younesi & Bahman Ahmadi & Oguzhan Ceylan & Aydogan Ozdemir, 2022. "Optimum Parallel Processing Schemes to Improve the Computation Speed for Renewable Energy Allocation and Sizing Problems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-18, December.
    17. Ruonan Hu & Wei Wang & Zhe Chen & Xuezhi Wu & Long Jing & Wei Ma & Guohong Zeng, 2020. "Coordinated Voltage Regulation Methods in Active Distribution Networks with Soft Open Points," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-18, November.
    18. Massimiliano Chiandone & Riccardo Campaner & Daniele Bosich & Giorgio Sulligoi, 2020. "A Coordinated Voltage and Reactive Power Control Architecture for Large PV Power Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-21, May.
    19. Rajabi, A. & Elphick, S. & David, J. & Pors, A. & Robinson, D., 2022. "Innovative approaches for assessing and enhancing the hosting capacity of PV-rich distribution networks: An Australian perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    20. Hajra Khan & Imran Fareed Nizami & Saeed Mian Qaisar & Asad Waqar & Moez Krichen & Abdulaziz Turki Almaktoom, 2022. "Analyzing Optimal Battery Sizing in Microgrids Based on the Feature Selection and Machine Learning Approaches," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-22, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:8:p:1908-:d:1631039. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.