IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i4p852-d1589007.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Critical Concerns Regarding the Transition from E5 to E10 Gasoline in the European Union, Particularly in Poland in 2024—A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Problem of Controlling the Air–Fuel Mixture Composition (AFR) and the λ Coefficient

Author

Listed:
  • Łukasz Warguła

    (Institute of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Bartosz Wieczorek

    (Institute of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Łukasz Gierz

    (Institute of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Bolesław Karwat

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

The RED II Directive requires European Union member states to increase the share of renewable energy in the transport sector to at least 14% by 2030. In January 2024, Poland replaced E5 gasoline (95 octane) with E10, which contains up to 10% bioethanol derived from second-generation sources such as agricultural residues. The transition to E10 raises concerns about the ability of engine management systems to adapt to its different air–fuel ratio (AFR) requirements. The AFR for E10 (13.82) is 1.98% lower than for E5 (14.25) and 3.88% lower than for pure gasoline (14.7). Research conducted on a spark-ignition engine (with AFR regulation) using an exhaust gas analyzer demonstrated that during the combustion of E5 and E10 fuels with correctly adjusted AFR and operation at λ = 1, the use of E10 potentially increases CO 2 and NO x emissions despite reductions in CO and HC. However, when calibrated for E5 and operated with E10 fuel, an increase in CO 2 and HC concentrations in the exhaust gases is observed, along with a reduction in CO and NO x . This phenomenon is attributed to operation with lean mixtures, at λ = 1.02. This study investigates both the theoretical and experimental impact of this fuel transition. Fuel systems typically adjust engine operation based on exhaust gas analysis but cannot recognize fuel type, leading to incorrect λ values when the AFR differs from the ECU’s programming. Effective adaptation would require additional fuel composition sensors and editable ECU mappings. For older vehicles or small non-road engines, manual adjustments to injection or carburetor systems may be necessary.

Suggested Citation

  • Łukasz Warguła & Bartosz Wieczorek & Łukasz Gierz & Bolesław Karwat, 2025. "Critical Concerns Regarding the Transition from E5 to E10 Gasoline in the European Union, Particularly in Poland in 2024—A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the Problem of Controlling the Air–F," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-21, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:852-:d:1589007
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/4/852/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/4/852/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gintaras Valeika & Jonas Matijošius & Olga Orynycz & Alfredas Rimkus & Artūras Kilikevičius & Karol Tucki, 2024. "Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engine’s Energy Parameter Research Using Variable (HVO) Biodiesel and Biobutanol Fuel Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-20, January.
    2. Ovaere, Marten & Proost, Stef, 2022. "Cost-effective reduction of fossil energy use in the European transport sector: An assessment of the Fit for 55 Package," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    3. González-García, Sara & Gasol, Carles M. & Gabarrell, Xavier & Rieradevall, Joan & Moreira, Mª Teresa & Feijoo, Gumersindo, 2009. "Environmental aspects of ethanol-based fuels from Brassica carinata: A case study of second generation ethanol," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(9), pages 2613-2620, December.
    4. Jerry L. Holechek & Hatim M. E. Geli & Mohammed N. Sawalhah & Raul Valdez, 2022. "A Global Assessment: Can Renewable Energy Replace Fossil Fuels by 2050?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-22, April.
    5. Tomasz Rokicki & Piotr Bórawski & András Szeberényi, 2023. "The Impact of the 2020–2022 Crises on EU Countries’ Independence from Energy Imports, Particularly from Russia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-26, September.
    6. Michał Bembenek & Vasyl Melnyk & Bolesław Karwat & Tomasz Rokita & Mariia Hnyp & Yurii Mosora & Łukasz Warguła, 2024. "Study of the Technical and Operational Parameters of Injectors Using Biogas Fuel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-13, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Harutyunyan, Artur & Badyda, Krzysztof & Wołowicz, Marcin, 2025. "Analyzing of different repowering methods on the example of 300 MW existing steam cycle power plant using gatecycle™ software," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    2. Tahereh Soleymani Angili & Katarzyna Grzesik & Anne Rödl & Martin Kaltschmitt, 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment of Bioethanol Production: A Review of Feedstock, Technology and Methodology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, May.
    3. Jinpeng Yang, 2023. "Transaction decision optimization of new electricity market based on virtual power plant participation and Stackelberg game," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 18(4), pages 1-20, April.
    4. Ramesh Chitharaj & Hariprasad Perumal & Mohammed Almeshaal & P. Manoj Kumar, 2025. "Optimizing Performance of a Solar Flat Plate Collector for Sustainable Operation Using Box–Behnken Design (BBD)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-23, January.
    5. Evgeny Chupakhin & Olga Babich & Stanislav Sukhikh & Svetlana Ivanova & Ekaterina Budenkova & Olga Kalashnikova & Alexander Prosekov & Olga Kriger & Vyacheslav Dolganyuk, 2022. "Bioengineering and Molecular Biology of Miscanthus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-14, July.
    6. Simona Domazetovska & Vladimir Strezov & Risto V. Filkoski & Tao Kan, 2023. "Exploring the Potential of Biomass Pyrolysis for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Production: A Comparative Study of Corn Cob, Vine Rod, and Sunflower," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-14, September.
    7. Obu Samson Showers & Sunetra Chowdhury, 2024. "Enhancing Energy Supply Reliability for University Lecture Halls Using Photovoltaic-Battery Microgrids: A South African Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-26, June.
    8. Yang Ni & Bin Peng & Jiayao Wang & Farshad Golnary & Wei Li, 2023. "A Short Review on the Time-Domain Numerical Simulations for Structural Responses in Horizontal-Axis Offshore Wind Turbines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-19, December.
    9. Juan Córdoba & Guillermo Valencia & Branda Molina, 2025. "Energy, Exergy, and Exergo-Sustainability Analysis of a Brayton S-CO 2 /Kalina Operating in Araçuaí, Brazil, Using Solar Energy as a Thermal Source," Resources, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-19, February.
    10. Evgeniya I. Lysakova & Andrey V. Minakov & Angelica D. Skorobogatova, 2023. "Effect of Nanoparticle and Carbon Nanotube Additives on Thermal Stability of Hydrocarbon-Based Drilling Fluids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-20, September.
    11. Zdravko Pandur & Marin Bačić & Marijan Šušnjar & Matija Landekić & Mario Šporčić & Iva Ištok, 2024. "Energy Gain and Carbon Footprint in the Production of Bioelectricity and Wood Pellets in Croatia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-14, May.
    12. Lu Wang & Zhijun Jin & Xiaowei Huang & Runchao Liu & Yutong Su & Qian Zhang, 2024. "Hydrogen Adsorption in Porous Geological Materials: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-21, February.
    13. Rafael Ninno Muniz & Carlos Tavares da Costa Júnior & William Gouvêa Buratto & Ademir Nied & Gabriel Villarrubia González, 2023. "The Sustainability Concept: A Review Focusing on Energy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-22, September.
    14. Svetlana Proskurina & Clara Mendoza-Martinez, 2023. "Expectations for Bioenergy Considering Carbon Neutrality Targets in the EU," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-16, July.
    15. Saidi, Majid & Faraji, Mehdi, 2024. "Thermochemical conversion of neem seed biomass to sustainable hydrogen and biofuels: Experimental and theoretical evaluation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    16. César Ramírez-Márquez & Thelma Posadas-Paredes & Alma Yunuen Raya-Tapia & José María Ponce-Ortega, 2024. "Natural Resource Optimization and Sustainability in Society 5.0: A Comprehensive Review," Resources, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-20, January.
    17. Youchan Kim & Kisung Lim & Hassan Salihi & Seongku Heo & Hyunchul Ju, 2023. "The Effects of Stack Configurations on the Thermal Management Capabilities of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-20, December.
    18. Mohamed Adel Allam & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem & Hussain Alawadhi & Abdul Ghani Olabi & Abdulmonem Fetyan, 2024. "Upcycling Waste Cotton Cloth into a Carbon Textile: A Durable and Scalable Layer for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-15, December.
    19. Benchora, Inessa & Galanti, Sébastien, 2024. "Verified carbon emissions and stock returns in the EU Emissions Trading System," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    20. Jarosław Brodny & Magdalena Tutak & Wieslaw Wes Grebski, 2025. "A Holistic Assessment of Sustainable Energy Security and the Efficiency of Policy Implementation in Emerging EU Economies: A Long-Term Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-38, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:852-:d:1589007. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.