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Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling of Pack-Level Battery Thermal Management Systems in Electric Vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Yifan Chen

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, J. J. Lohr College of Engineering/Brookings, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA)

  • Zhong Hu

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, J. J. Lohr College of Engineering/Brookings, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA)

Abstract

In electric vehicles (EVs), the batteries are arranged in the battery pack (BP), which has a small layout space and difficulty in dissipating heat. Therefore, in EVs, the battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are critical to managing heat to ensure safety and performance, particularly under higher operating temperatures and longer discharge conditions. To solve this problem, in this article, the thermal analysis models of a 3-battery-cell BP were created, including scenarios (1) natural air cooling without a BTMS; (2) natural air cooling with water cooling hybrid BTMS; and (3) forced air cooling plus water cooling composite BTMS. The thermal performances of the pack-level BPs were simulated and analyzed based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A variety of boundary conditions and working parameters, such as ambient temperature, inlet coolant flow rate and initial temperature, discharge rate, air flow rate, and initial temperature, were considered. The results show that without a BTMS (Scenario 1), the maximum temperature in the BP rises rapidly and continuously to reach 63.8 °C, much higher than the upper bound of the recommended operating temperature range (ROTR between +20 °C to +35 °C) under the extreme discharge rate of 3 C and even if the discharge rate is 2 C. With a hybrid BTMS (Scenario 2), the maximum temperature in BP rises to about 38.7 °C, slightly above the upper bound of the ROTR. Lowering the coolant (water) initial temperature can effectively lower the temperature up to 5.7 °C in BP, but the water flow rate cannot since the turbulence model. While with a composite BTMS (Scenario 3), the temperature can be further lowered up to 1.5 °C under the extreme discharge rate of 3C, just reaching the upper bound of the ROTR. In addition, lowering the initial coolant temperature or air temperature can effectively decrease the temperatures up to 5.1 and 1.0 °C, respectively, in BP, but the coolant flow rate (due to the turbulence model) and the air flow rate cannot. Finally, the thermal performances of the different battery cells in the BP with different cooling systems and at the different positions of the BP were compared and analyzed. The present work may contribute to the design of BTMSs in the EV industry.

Suggested Citation

  • Yifan Chen & Zhong Hu, 2025. "Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling of Pack-Level Battery Thermal Management Systems in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-30, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:3:p:484-:d:1573307
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    References listed on IDEAS

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