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Battery Sizing and Composition in Energy Storage Systems for Domestic Renewable Energy Applications: A Systematic Review

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  • Ludovica Apa

    (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
    Hydro-Eco Research Centre, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Livio D’Alvia

    (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy)

  • Zaccaria Del Prete

    (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy)

  • Emanuele Rizzuto

    (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
    Hydro-Eco Research Centre, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

Renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic panels and wind turbines, are increasingly integrated into domestic systems to address energy scarcity, rising demand, and climate change. However, their intermittent nature requires efficient energy storage systems (ESS) for stability and reliability. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, aimed to evaluate the size and chemical composition of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in household renewable energy applications. A literature search was conducted in Scopus in August 2025 using predefined keywords, and studies published in English from 2015 onward were included. Exclusion criteria included book chapters, duplicate conference proceedings, geographically restricted case studies, systems without chemistry or size details, and those focusing solely on electric vehicle batteries. Of 308 initially retrieved records, 83 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. The majority (92%) employed simulation-based approaches, while 8% reported experimental setups. No formal risk-of-bias tool was applied, but a methodological quality check was conducted. Data were synthesized narratively and tabulated by chemistry, nominal voltage, capacity, and power. Lithium-ion batteries were the most prevalent (49%), followed by lead–acid (13%), vanadium redox flow (3.6%), and nickel–metal hydride (1.2%), with the remainder unspecified. Lithium-ion dominated due to high energy density, long cycle life, and efficiency. Limitations of the evidence include reliance on simulation studies, heterogeneity in reporting, and limited experimental validation. Overall, this review provides a framework for selecting and integrating appropriately sized and composed BESS into domestic renewable systems, offering implications for stability, efficiency, and household-level sustainability. The study was funded by the PNRR NEST project and Sapienza University of Rome Grant.

Suggested Citation

  • Ludovica Apa & Livio D’Alvia & Zaccaria Del Prete & Emanuele Rizzuto, 2025. "Battery Sizing and Composition in Energy Storage Systems for Domestic Renewable Energy Applications: A Systematic Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-33, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:20:p:5536-:d:1776217
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    References listed on IDEAS

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