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Multi-Seasonal Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Leakage, Diffusion, and Explosion in Hydrogen Refueling Station

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  • Yaling Liu

    (Sichuan Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Chengdu 610100, China
    Technology Innovation Center of Hydrogen Storage-Transportation and Fueling Equipments for State Market Regulation, Chengdu 610100, China)

  • Yao Zeng

    (Sichuan Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Chengdu 610100, China
    Technology Innovation Center of Hydrogen Storage-Transportation and Fueling Equipments for State Market Regulation, Chengdu 610100, China)

  • Guanxi Zhao

    (Sichuan Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Chengdu 610100, China
    Technology Innovation Center of Hydrogen Storage-Transportation and Fueling Equipments for State Market Regulation, Chengdu 610100, China)

  • Huarong Hou

    (Hebei Key Laboratory of Low Carbon and High Efficiency Power Generation Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China)

  • Yangfan Song

    (Hebei Key Laboratory of Low Carbon and High Efficiency Power Generation Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China)

  • Bin Ding

    (College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China)

Abstract

To reveal the influence mechanisms of seasonal climatic factors (wind speed, wind direction, temperature) and leakage direction on hydrogen dispersion and explosion behavior from single-source leaks at typical risk locations (hydrogen storage tanks, compressors, dispensers) in hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs), this work established a full-scale 1:1 three-dimensional numerical model using the FLACS v22.2 software based on the actual layout of an HRS in Xichang, Sichuan Province. Through systematic simulations of 72 leakage scenarios (3 equipment types × 4 seasons × 6 leakage directions), the coupled effects of climatic conditions, equipment layout, and leakage direction on hydrogen dispersion patterns and explosion risks were quantitatively analyzed. The key findings indicate the following: (1) Downward leaks (−Z direction) from storage tanks tend to form large-area ground-hugging hydrogen clouds, representing the highest explosion risk (overpressure peak: 0.25 barg; flame temperature: >2500 K). Leakage from compressors (±X/−Z directions) readily affects adjacent equipment. Dispenser leaks pose relatively lower risks, but specific directions (−Y direction) coupled with wind fields may drive significant hydrogen dispersion toward station buildings. (2) Southeast/south winds during spring/summer promote outward migration of hydrogen clouds, reducing overall station risk but causing localized accumulation near storage tanks. Conversely, north/northwest winds in autumn/winter intensify hydrogen concentrations in compressor and station building areas. (3) An empirical formula integrating climatic parameters, leakage conditions, and spatial coordinates was proposed to predict hydrogen concentration (error < 20%). This model provides theoretical and data support for optimizing sensor placement, dynamically adjusting ventilation strategies, and enhancing safety design in HRSs.

Suggested Citation

  • Yaling Liu & Yao Zeng & Guanxi Zhao & Huarong Hou & Yangfan Song & Bin Ding, 2025. "Multi-Seasonal Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Leakage, Diffusion, and Explosion in Hydrogen Refueling Station," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-23, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:15:p:4172-:d:1718900
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Behboodi, Sahand & Chassin, David P. & Crawford, Curran & Djilali, Ned, 2016. "Renewable resources portfolio optimization in the presence of demand response," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 139-148.
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