Impact of Passive Modifications on the Efficiency of Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbines Utilizing the Kline-Fogleman Blade Design at the Trailing Edge

As the utilization of wind energy continues to expand as a prominent renewable energy source, the application of Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) technology has expanded significantly. Various passive modification methods have been developed to enhance efficiency and optimize the aerodynamic performance of the rotor through blade modifications. This study presents passive modification method utilizing Kline–Fogleman (KF) blades which incorporate step-like horizontal slats along the trailing edge. Through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, this study evaluates ten distinct KF blade configurations, varying in step length and depth, with steps positioned on the inner side, outer side, and both sides of the airfoil. The results indicate that the KF blade with a shorter step on inner side, 20% c in length and 2% c in depth, enhances the average power coefficient ( C p ) by 19% compared to the rotor with a clean blade. However, when horizontal slats are incorporated on both sides of the blade, with dimensions of 50% c in length and 5% c in depth, C p decreases by 33% compared to the clean blade. This reduction occurs across both low and high tip speed ratio (TSR) ranges. It has been observed that the presence of a high-pressure zone of 200 Pa at the trailing edge disrupts the aerodynamic performance when the KF blade is in the upwind region between the azimuth angles of 45° and 135°.