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Lithium-Ion Batteries on Board: A Review on Their Integration for Enabling the Energy Transition in Shipping Industry

Author

Listed:
  • Giovanni Lucà Trombetta

    (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano”, Via S. Lucia Sopra Contesse, 5, 98126 Messina, Italy)

  • Salvatore Gianluca Leonardi

    (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano”, Via S. Lucia Sopra Contesse, 5, 98126 Messina, Italy)

  • Davide Aloisio

    (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano”, Via S. Lucia Sopra Contesse, 5, 98126 Messina, Italy)

  • Laura Andaloro

    (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano”, Via S. Lucia Sopra Contesse, 5, 98126 Messina, Italy)

  • Francesco Sergi

    (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano”, Via S. Lucia Sopra Contesse, 5, 98126 Messina, Italy)

Abstract

The emission reductions mandated by International Maritime Regulations present an opportunity to implement full electric and hybrid vessels using large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs). lithium-ionion batteries (LIB), due to their high power and specific energy, which allows for scalability and adaptability to large transportation systems, are currently the most widely used electrochemical storage system. Hence, BESSs are the focus of this review proposing a comprehensive discussion on the commercial LIB chemistries that are currently available for marine applications and their potential role in ship services. This work outlines key elements that are necessary for designing a BESS for ships, including an overview of the regulatory framework for large-scale onboard LIB installations. The basic technical information about system integration has been summarized from various research projects, white papers, and test cases mentioned in available studies. The aim is to provide state-of-the-art information about the installation of BESSs on ships, in accordance with the latest applicable rules for ships. The goal of this study is to facilitate and promote the widespread use of batteries in the marine industry.

Suggested Citation

  • Giovanni Lucà Trombetta & Salvatore Gianluca Leonardi & Davide Aloisio & Laura Andaloro & Francesco Sergi, 2024. "Lithium-Ion Batteries on Board: A Review on Their Integration for Enabling the Energy Transition in Shipping Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-37, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:5:p:1019-:d:1343280
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. J.-M. Tarascon & M. Armand, 2001. "Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries," Nature, Nature, vol. 414(6861), pages 359-367, November.
    2. Planakis, Nikolaos & Papalambrou, George & Kyrtatos, Nikolaos, 2022. "Ship energy management system development and experimental evaluation utilizing marine loading cycles based on machine learning techniques," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
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    5. Christensen, Paul A. & Anderson, Paul A. & Harper, Gavin D.J. & Lambert, Simon M. & Mrozik, Wojciech & Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali & Wise, Malcolm S. & Heidrich, Oliver, 2021. "Risk management over the life cycle of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
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    Cited by:

    1. Kirkels, A.F. & Liu, H. & Romijn, H.A. & Durgaprasad, S. & Polinder, H. & Goudsmit, M. & Hoorani, N., 2026. "Batteries for sustainable shipping: Current status and potential roles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 226(PB).
    2. Mir Md Ashfaque Sumon & Hyungju Kim & Børge Rokseth, 2025. "Hazard analysis of autonomous vessel operation during the interaction and execution between remote operation centre controller and onboard controllers," Journal of Shipping and Trade, Springer, vol. 10(1), pages 1-30, December.
    3. Anastasios Ziakas & Maria Boile, 2025. "Toward zero-emission ferries: integrating systematic review and bibliometric analysis insights on alternative fuels and policies," Journal of Shipping and Trade, Springer, vol. 10(1), pages 1-37, December.
    4. Gojmir Radica & Tino Vidović & Jakov Šimunović & Zdeslav Jurić, 2025. "Overview of Hybrid Marine Energy System Configurations and System Component Modeling Approaches," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-24, February.
    5. Belvisi, Daniele & Figari, Massimo, 2026. "Multi-objective optimisation-based approach for shipboard energy-efficient battery energy storage sizing leveraging operational data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 404(C).

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