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Catalytic Upgrading of Rice Straw Bio-Oil via Esterification in Supercritical Ethanol over Bimetallic Catalyst Supported on Rice Straw Biochar

Author

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  • Alhassan Ibrahim

    (Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA)

  • Islam Elsayed

    (Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
    Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta 22052, Egypt)

  • El Barbary Hassan

    (Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA)

Abstract

This research explores the enhancement of bio-oil quality through upgrading with the magnetic bimetallic oxide (CuO-Fe 3 O 4 ) catalysts supported on activated rice straw biochar (AcB). These catalysts were employed in a supercritical ethanol-based upgrading process. Various characterization techniques, including elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were utilized to characterize the prepared catalysts. This study revealed significant improvements in the physical characteristics and chemical composition of the bio-oil, with an increase in the heating value (HHV) from 21.3 to 32.1 MJ/kg. Esterification and transesterification were identified as key reactions contributing to this improvement. Notably, the pH of bio-oil increased from 4.3 (raw bio-oil) to 5.63 (after upgrading), signifying reduced acidity. The analysis of the bio-oil’s chemical composition highlighted a decrease in oxygen content and an increase in carbon and hydrogen content. At the optimum conditions, the application of supercritical ethanol proved to be an efficient method for enhancing the bio-oil’s properties. A crucial transformation occurred during the upgrading process and more than 90% of carboxylic acids were converted into esters, primarily ethyl acetate at the optimal conditions. This study has demonstrated the effective enhancement of raw bio-oil from rice straw through the utilization of carbon-based bimetallic oxide catalysts in a supercritical upgrading procedure.

Suggested Citation

  • Alhassan Ibrahim & Islam Elsayed & El Barbary Hassan, 2024. "Catalytic Upgrading of Rice Straw Bio-Oil via Esterification in Supercritical Ethanol over Bimetallic Catalyst Supported on Rice Straw Biochar," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-19, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:2:p:407-:d:1318759
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mingyuan Zhang & Xue Han & Huanang Wang & Yimin Zeng & Chunbao Charles Xu, 2023. "Hydrodeoxygenation of Pyrolysis Oil in Supercritical Ethanol with Formic Acid as an In Situ Hydrogen Source over NiMoW Catalysts Supported on Different Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-15, May.
    2. Shafie, S.M. & Masjuki, H.H. & Mahlia, T.M.I., 2014. "Life cycle assessment of rice straw-based power generation in Malaysia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 401-410.
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