IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i17p4283-d1465231.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Life Cycle Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Different Vehicle Working Conditions and Battery Degradation Scenarios

Author

Listed:
  • Yaning Zhang

    (College of Automobile Engineering, Lanzhou Petrochemical University of Vocational Technology, Lanzhou 730060, China)

  • Ziqiang Cao

    (School of Automobile, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China)

  • Chunmei Zhang

    (School of Automobile, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China)

  • Yisong Chen

    (School of Automobile, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China)

Abstract

This study establishes a life cycle assessment model to quantitively evaluate and predict material resource consumption, fossil energy consumption and environmental emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) by employing the GaBi software. This study distinguishes the environmental impact of different vehicle working conditions, power battery degradation scenarios, and mileage scenarios on the operation and use stages of PHEVs, BEVs, and HEVs. The findings indicate that under urban, highway, and aggressive driving conditions, PHEVs’ life cycle material resource and fossil fuel consumption exceed that of BEVs but are less than HEVs. Battery degradation leads to increased material resource consumption, energy use, and environmental emissions for both PHEVs and BEVs. When the power battery degrades to 85%, the material resource and fossil energy consumption during the operation and use phase increases by 51.43%, 72.68% for BEVs and 29.37%, 36.21% for PHEVs compared with no degradation, respectively, indicating that the environmental impact of BEVs are more sensitive than those of PHEVs to the impact of power battery degradation. Among different mileage scenarios, PHEVs demonstrate the lowest sensitivity to increased mileage regarding life cycle material resource consumption, with the smallest increase. Future projections for 2025 and 2035 suggest life cycle GWP of HEV, PHEV and BEV in 2035 is 1.21 × 10 4 , 1.12 × 10 4 and 1.01 × 10 4 kg CO 2 -eq, respectively, which shows reductions of 48.7%, 30.9% and 36.1% compared with those in 2025. The outcomes of this study are intended to bolster data support for the manufacturing and development of PHEV, BEV and HEV under different scenarios and offer insights into the growth and technological progression of the automotive sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Yaning Zhang & Ziqiang Cao & Chunmei Zhang & Yisong Chen, 2024. "Life Cycle Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Different Vehicle Working Conditions and Battery Degradation Scenarios," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-29, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:17:p:4283-:d:1465231
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/17/4283/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/17/4283/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Teruyuki Shimizu & Kei Hasegawa & Manabu Ihara & Yasunori Kikuchi, 2020. "A region‐specific environmental analysis of technology implementation of hydrogen energy in Japan based on life cycle assessment," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 24(1), pages 217-233, February.
    2. Andersson, Öivind & Börjesson, Pål, 2021. "The greenhouse gas emissions of an electrified vehicle combined with renewable fuels: Life cycle assessment and policy implications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    3. Hanjiro Ambrose & Alissa Kendall, 2020. "Understanding the future of lithium: Part 2, temporally and spatially resolved life‐cycle assessment modeling," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 24(1), pages 90-100, February.
    4. Qiao, Qinyu & Zhao, Fuquan & Liu, Zongwei & Jiang, Shuhua & Hao, Han, 2017. "Cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric and internal combustion engine vehicles in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 1399-1411.
    5. Bauer, Christian & Hofer, Johannes & Althaus, Hans-Jörg & Del Duce, Andrea & Simons, Andrew, 2015. "The environmental performance of current and future passenger vehicles: Life cycle assessment based on a novel scenario analysis framework," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 871-883.
    6. Burak Sen & Murat Kucukvar & Nuri C. Onat & Omer Tatari, 2020. "Life cycle sustainability assessment of autonomous heavy‐duty trucks," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 24(1), pages 149-164, February.
    7. Requia, Weeberb J. & Adams, Matthew D. & Arain, Altaf & Koutrakis, Petros & Ferguson, Mark, 2017. "Carbon dioxide emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: A life-cycle analysis in eight Canadian cities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1390-1396.
    8. Karabasoglu, Orkun & Michalek, Jeremy, 2013. "Influence of driving patterns on life cycle cost and emissions of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicle powertrains," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 445-461.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Desreveaux, A. & Bouscayrol, A. & Trigui, R. & Hittinger, E. & Castex, E. & Sirbu, G.M., 2023. "Accurate energy consumption for comparison of climate change impact of thermal and electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    2. Siqin Xiong & Junping Ji & Xiaoming Ma, 2019. "Comparative Life Cycle Energy and GHG Emission Analysis for BEVs and PhEVs: A Case Study in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-17, March.
    3. Robin Smit & Daniel William Kennedy, 2022. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Performance of Electric and Fossil-Fueled Passenger Vehicles with Uncertainty Estimates Using a Probabilistic Life-Cycle Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-29, March.
    4. Qiao, Qinyu & Zhao, Fuquan & Liu, Zongwei & He, Xin & Hao, Han, 2019. "Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of Electric Vehicles in China: Combining the vehicle cycle and fuel cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 222-233.
    5. Sergio Maria Patella & Flavio Scrucca & Francesco Asdrubali & Stefano Carrese, 2019. "Traffic Simulation-Based Approach for A Cradle-to-Grave Greenhouse Gases Emission Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(16), pages 1-14, August.
    6. Wu, Ziyang & Wang, Can & Wolfram, Paul & Zhang, Yaxin & Sun, Xin & Hertwich, Edgar, 2019. "Assessing electric vehicle policy with region-specific carbon footprints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    7. Khan, Muhammad Imran & Shahrestani, Mehdi & Hayat, Tasawar & Shakoor, Abdul & Vahdati, Maria, 2019. "Life cycle (well-to-wheel) energy and environmental assessment of natural gas as transportation fuel in Pakistan," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 1738-1752.
    8. Jani Das, 2022. "Comparative life cycle GHG emission analysis of conventional and electric vehicles in India," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(11), pages 13294-13333, November.
    9. da Costa, Vinicius Braga Ferreira & Bitencourt, Leonardo & Dias, Bruno Henriques & Soares, Tiago & de Andrade, Jorge Vleberton Bessa & Bonatto, Benedito Donizeti, 2025. "Life cycle assessment comparison of electric and internal combustion vehicles: A review on the main challenges and opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 208(C).
    10. Robert Ulewicz & Dominika Siwiec & Andrzej Pacana, 2023. "Sustainable Vehicle Design Considering Quality Level and Life Cycle Environmental Assessment (LCA)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-23, December.
    11. Yang Yang & Libo Lan & Zhuo Hao & Jianyou Zhao & Geng Luo & Pei Fu & Yisong Chen, 2022. "Life Cycle Prediction Assessment of Battery Electrical Vehicles with Special Focus on Different Lithium-Ion Power Batteries in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-23, July.
    12. Xu Hu & Jinwei Sun & Yisong Chen & Qiu Liu & Liang Gu, 2019. "Considering Well-to-Wheels Analysis in Control Design: Regenerative Suspension Helps to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Battery Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-19, July.
    13. Tianduo Peng & Sheng Zhou & Zhiyi Yuan & Xunmin Ou, 2017. "Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Analysis of Multiple Vehicle Fuel Pathways in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-24, November.
    14. Kang, Jidong & Ng, Tsan Sheng & Su, Bin & Milovanoff, Alexandre, 2021. "Electrifying light-duty passenger transport for CO2 emissions reduction: A stochastic-robust input–output linear programming model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    15. Rachana Vidhi & Prasanna Shrivastava & Abhishek Parikh, 2021. "Social and Technological Impact of Businesses Surrounding Electric Vehicles," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-17, February.
    16. Larson, Paul D. & Viáfara, Jairo & Parsons, Robert V. & Elias, Arne, 2014. "Consumer attitudes about electric cars: Pricing analysis and policy implications," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 299-314.
    17. Cai, Yanpeng & Applegate, Scott & Yue, Wencong & Cai, Jianying & Wang, Xuan & Liu, Gengyuan & Li, Chunhui, 2017. "A hybrid life cycle and multi-criteria decision analysis approach for identifying sustainable development strategies of Beijing's taxi fleet," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 314-325.
    18. Datu Buyung Agusdinata & Wenjuan Liu & Sinta Sulistyo & Philippe LeBillon & Je'anne Wegner, 2023. "Evaluating sustainability impacts of critical mineral extractions: Integration of life cycle sustainability assessment and SDGs frameworks," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 27(3), pages 746-759, June.
    19. Audoly, Richard & Vogt-Schilb, Adrien & Guivarch, Céline & Pfeiffer, Alexander, 2018. "Pathways toward zero-carbon electricity required for climate stabilization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 884-901.
    20. Karmjit Singh & Prince Pal Singh & Gopinath Chattopadhyay & Ibrahim A. Sultan, 2023. "An expert system for life cycle assessment of casting process," International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Springer;The Society for Reliability, Engineering Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM),India, and Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, vol. 14(4), pages 930-937, December.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:17:p:4283-:d:1465231. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.