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Optimization Model of Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation for Electric Bus Charging Stations

Author

Listed:
  • Ahmed Bazzi

    (School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco)

  • Hamza El Hafdaoui

    (School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco
    National School of Applied Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco)

  • Ahmed Khallaayoun

    (School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco)

  • Kedar Mehta

    (Institute of new Energy Systems (InES), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85051 Ingolstadt, Germany)

  • Kamar Ouazzani

    (National School of Applied Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco)

  • Wilfried Zörner

    (Institute of new Energy Systems (InES), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85051 Ingolstadt, Germany)

Abstract

This paper introduces a comprehensive approach for sizing grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems tailored for electric bus fleet operations. The study involves two main steps. First, a mathematical model that optimizes the configuration of such systems by considering daily electric bus consumption, solar irradiance, wind speed, and biomass potential is formulated. The model utilizes Pareto frontier multi-objective optimization to minimize the net present cost, the cost of energy, and greenhouse gas emissions. Second, the model is rigorously applied and tested in a real-world case study in Fez, Morocco, using HOMER Pro; the case study centers on the daily energy requirements of the buses, estimated at 2.5 megawatt hours per day, with a peak demand of 345 kilowatts. Two scenarios are explored, revealing a discernible trade-off dilemma between the full hybrid renewable energy scenario (Scenario 1) and the grid-connected hybrid renewable energy scenario (Scenario 2). In Scenario 2, the grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system demonstrates a notable 42.8% reduction in the net present cost, totaling USD 984,624. Similarly, the levelized cost of energy experiences a significant decrease, reaching approximately 0.08 USD/kWh, marking a 38.1% reduction. However, this apparent economic advantage is juxtaposed with a critical consideration—an increase in greenhouse gas emissions from null to 330,418 kg/year.

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmed Bazzi & Hamza El Hafdaoui & Ahmed Khallaayoun & Kedar Mehta & Kamar Ouazzani & Wilfried Zörner, 2023. "Optimization Model of Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation for Electric Bus Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-22, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2023:i:1:p:53-:d:1304889
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    References listed on IDEAS

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