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The Effects of Cracking Ratio on Ammonia/Air Non-Premixed Flames under High-Pressure Conditions Using Large Eddy Simulations

Author

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  • Chengming Wang

    (State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

  • Haiou Wang

    (State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

  • Kun Luo

    (State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
    Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai 200120, China)

  • Jianren Fan

    (State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
    Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai 200120, China)

Abstract

Ammonia is a promising carbon-free fuel. However, one of the main challenges for ammonia combustion is the high level of NO emissions. In this study, simulations were conducted for ammonia/air laminar counterflow flames and turbulent non-premixed jet flames in the KAUST high-pressure combustion duct (HPCD) at a pressure of 5 bar, with two ammonia cracking ratios of 14% and 28%. The influence of ammonia cracking ratio on the flame structure and NO formation mechanism were examined. The laminar counterflow flame results showed that HNO is one of the most critical species related to NO formation and NO is mainly generated through the path of NH 2 → NH → HNO → NO . For the turbulent flames, the flamelet/progress variable (FPV) approach was employed in the context of large eddy simulations (LES) for high-fidelity simulations. The simulation results were compared with the measured data with promising agreements, which proves the accuracy of the FPV method for the present flames. It was shown that with increasing cracking ratio, not only the flame reactivity is enhanced, but also the generation of NO is increased. The correlation between NO and HNO is weaker when compared to that between NO and radicals such as O , H and OH in the entire flame. Through the distribution of NO source terms, it was found that the NO source term has a higher absolute value in the upstream region and the absolute value rapidly decreases with increasing streamwise distance. The total NO source term is positive in the fuel-lean zone and shows negative values in the fuel-rich zone.

Suggested Citation

  • Chengming Wang & Haiou Wang & Kun Luo & Jianren Fan, 2023. "The Effects of Cracking Ratio on Ammonia/Air Non-Premixed Flames under High-Pressure Conditions Using Large Eddy Simulations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:19:p:6985-:d:1255105
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Honzawa, Takafumi & Kai, Reo & Okada, Akiko & Valera-Medina, Agustin & Bowen, Philip J. & Kurose, Ryoichi, 2019. "Predictions of NO and CO emissions in ammonia/methane/air combustion by LES using a non-adiabatic flamelet generated manifold," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    2. Yapicioglu, Arda & Dincer, Ibrahim, 2019. "A review on clean ammonia as a potential fuel for power generators," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 96-108.
    3. Nader N. Shohdy & Mhedine Alicherif & Deanna A. Lacoste, 2023. "Transfer Functions of Ammonia and Partly Cracked Ammonia Swirl Flames," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-14, January.
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