IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i2p559-d723941.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading

Author

Listed:
  • Moritz Braun

    (Institute for Ship Structural Design and Analysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Alfons Dörner

    (Institute for Ship Structural Design and Analysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Kane F. ter Veer

    (Institute for Ship Structural Design and Analysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Tom Willems

    (Formerly: Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy GmbH & Co. KG, 20097 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Marc Seidel

    (Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy GmbH & Co. KG, 20097 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Hayo Hendrikse

    (Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands)

  • Knut V. Høyland

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Claas Fischer

    (TÜV NORD EnSys GmbH & Co. KG, 22769 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Sören Ehlers

    (Institute for Ship Structural Design and Analysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany)

Abstract

Fixed offshore wind turbines continue to be developed for high latitude areas where not only wind and wave loads need to be considered but also moving sea ice. Current rules and regulations for the design of fixed offshore structures in ice-covered waters do not adequately consider the effects of ice loading and its stochastic nature on the fatigue life of the structure. Ice crushing on such structures results in ice-induced vibrations, which can be represented by loading the structure using a variable-amplitude loading (VAL) sequence. Typical offshore load spectra are developed for wave and wind loading. Thus, a combined VAL spectrum is developed for wind, wave, and ice action. To this goal, numerical models are used to simulate the dynamic ice-, wind-, and wave-structure interaction. The stress time-history at an exemplarily selected critical point in an offshore wind energy monopile support structure is extracted from the model and translated into a VAL sequence, which can then be used as a loading sequence for the fatigue assessment or fatigue testing of welded joints of offshore wind turbine support structures. This study presents the approach to determine combined load spectra and standardized time series for wind, wave, and ice action.

Suggested Citation

  • Moritz Braun & Alfons Dörner & Kane F. ter Veer & Tom Willems & Marc Seidel & Hayo Hendrikse & Knut V. Høyland & Claas Fischer & Sören Ehlers, 2022. "Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-17, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:2:p:559-:d:723941
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/2/559/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/2/559/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rodrigues, S. & Restrepo, C. & Kontos, E. & Teixeira Pinto, R. & Bauer, P., 2015. "Trends of offshore wind projects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 1114-1135.
    2. Pryor, S.C. & Barthelmie, R.J., 2010. "Climate change impacts on wind energy: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 430-437, January.
    3. Li Zhou & Shifeng Ding & Ming Song & Junliang Gao & Wei Shi, 2019. "A Simulation of Non-Simultaneous Ice Crushing Force for Wind Turbine Towers with Large Slopes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-21, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Spittler, Nathalie & Davidsdottir, Brynhildur & Shafiei, Ehsan & Diemer, Arnaud, 2021. "Implications of renewable resource dynamics for energy system planning: The case of geothermal and hydropower in Kenya," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    2. Roux, Charlotte & Schalbart, Patrick & Assoumou, Edi & Peuportier, Bruno, 2016. "Integrating climate change and energy mix scenarios in LCA of buildings and districts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 619-629.
    3. Lucy Cradden & Gareth Harrison & John Chick, 2012. "Will climate change impact on wind power development in the UK?," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 115(3), pages 837-852, December.
    4. Yangchun Han & Jiulong Cheng & Qiang Cui & Qianyun Dong & Wanting Song, 2020. "Uplift Bearing Capacity of Cone-Cylinder Foundation for Transmission Line in Frozen Soil Regions, Using Reduced-Scale Model Tests and Numerical Simulations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-22, April.
    5. Gonçalves-Ageitos, María & Barrera-Escoda, Antoni & Baldasano, Jose M. & Cunillera, Jordi, 2015. "Modelling wind resources in climate change scenarios in complex terrains," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 670-678.
    6. Wang, Bing & Ke, Ruo-Yu & Yuan, Xiao-Chen & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2014. "China׳s regional assessment of renewable energy vulnerability to climate change," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 185-195.
    7. Burnett, Dougal & Barbour, Edward & Harrison, Gareth P., 2014. "The UK solar energy resource and the impact of climate change," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 333-343.
    8. Satir, Mert & Murphy, Fionnuala & McDonnell, Kevin, 2018. "Feasibility study of an offshore wind farm in the Aegean Sea, Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2552-2562.
    9. Huber, Matthias & Dimkova, Desislava & Hamacher, Thomas, 2014. "Integration of wind and solar power in Europe: Assessment of flexibility requirements," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 236-246.
    10. Yasir Ahmed Solangi & Qingmei Tan & Muhammad Waris Ali Khan & Nayyar Hussain Mirjat & Ifzal Ahmed, 2018. "The Selection of Wind Power Project Location in the Southeastern Corridor of Pakistan: A Factor Analysis, AHP, and Fuzzy-TOPSIS Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-26, July.
    11. Igliński, Bartłomiej & Iglińska, Anna & Koziński, Grzegorz & Skrzatek, Mateusz & Buczkowski, Roman, 2016. "Wind energy in Poland – History, current state, surveys, Renewable Energy Sources Act, SWOT analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 19-33.
    12. Wang, Xinbao & Cai, Chang & Cai, Shang-Gui & Wang, Tengyuan & Wang, Zekun & Song, Juanjuan & Rong, Xiaomin & Li, Qing'an, 2023. "A review of aerodynamic and wake characteristics of floating offshore wind turbines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    13. Sofia Spyridonidou & Dimitra G. Vagiona, 2020. "Systematic Review of Site-Selection Processes in Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy Research," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-26, November.
    14. Alonzo, Bastien & Ringkjob, Hans-Kristian & Jourdier, Benedicte & Drobinski, Philippe & Plougonven, Riwal & Tankov, Peter, 2017. "Modelling the variability of the wind energy resource on monthly and seasonal timescales," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1434-1446.
    15. Bilir, Levent & Yildirim, Nurdan, 2018. "Modeling and performance analysis of a hybrid system for a residential application," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 555-569.
    16. Jijian Lian & Ou Cai & Xiaofeng Dong & Qi Jiang & Yue Zhao, 2019. "Health Monitoring and Safety Evaluation of the Offshore Wind Turbine Structure: A Review and Discussion of Future Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-29, January.
    17. Jerez, S. & Thais, F. & Tobin, I. & Wild, M. & Colette, A. & Yiou, P. & Vautard, R., 2015. "The CLIMIX model: A tool to create and evaluate spatially-resolved scenarios of photovoltaic and wind power development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1-15.
    18. César Henrique Mattos Pires & Felipe M. Pimenta & Carla A. D'Aquino & Osvaldo R. Saavedra & Xuerui Mao & Arcilan T. Assireu, 2020. "Coastal Wind Power in Southern Santa Catarina, Brazil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-23, October.
    19. Felipe M. Pimenta & Allan R. Silva & Arcilan T. Assireu & Vinicio de S. e Almeida & Osvaldo R. Saavedra, 2019. "Brazil Offshore Wind Resources and Atmospheric Surface Layer Stability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-21, November.
    20. Fant, Charles & Gunturu, Bhaskar & Schlosser, Adam, 2016. "Characterizing wind power resource reliability in southern Africa," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 565-573.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:2:p:559-:d:723941. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.