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Comparison of “Zero Emission” Vehicles with Petrol and Hybrid Cars in Terms of Total CO 2 Release—A Case Study for Romania, Poland, Norway and Germany

Author

Listed:
  • Klaus Lieutenant

    (Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52425 Jülich, Germany)

  • Ana Vassileva Borissova

    (Faculty of Education and Arts, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway)

  • Mohamad Mustafa

    (Department of Building, Energy and Material Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 8514 Narvik, Norway)

  • Nick McCarthy

    (Cenex, Holywell Building, Hollywell Park, Ashby Road, Loughborough LE11 3UZ, UK)

  • Ioan Iordache

    (Research-Development and Testing National Institute for Electrical Engineering, ICMET, Str. Decebal 118, 200746 Craiova, Romania
    National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, ICSI, Str. Uznei 4, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania)

Abstract

The authors compare the energy consumption and CO 2 emissions from vehicles using internal combustion engines (ICE), battery electric vehicles (BEV), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), and two types of hybrid vehicles, BEV-ICE hybrid and BEV-FCEV hybrid. This paper considers several scenarios for four countries’ electricity production from primary energy sources to estimate total CO 2 release. Energy consumption of the vehicle per 100 km, emissions during manufacturing, battery production, and lifecycle of the vehicle are considered in the total amount evaluation of CO 2 released. The results show that with current technologies for battery manufacturing, and a significant proportion of national grid electricity delivered by fossil fuels, BEV is the best choice to reduce carbon emissions for shorter driving ranges. In the case of electricity generation mainly by low-carbon sources, FCEV and BEV-FCEV hybrid vehicles end up with lower carbon dioxide emissions. In contrast, with electricity mainly generated from fossil fuels, electric vehicles do not reduce CO 2 emissions compared to combustion cars.

Suggested Citation

  • Klaus Lieutenant & Ana Vassileva Borissova & Mohamad Mustafa & Nick McCarthy & Ioan Iordache, 2022. "Comparison of “Zero Emission” Vehicles with Petrol and Hybrid Cars in Terms of Total CO 2 Release—A Case Study for Romania, Poland, Norway and Germany," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-13, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:21:p:7988-:d:955228
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    References listed on IDEAS

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