IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i24p8337-d699963.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Cascade Control of the Ground Station Module of an Airborne Wind Energy System

Author

Listed:
  • Ali Arshad Uppal

    (SYSTEC and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan)

  • Manuel C. R. M. Fernandes

    (SYSTEC and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal)

  • Sérgio Vinha

    (SYSTEC and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal)

  • Fernando A. C. C. Fontes

    (SYSTEC and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal)

Abstract

An airborne wind energy system (AWES) can harvest stronger wind streams at higher altitudes which are not accessible to conventional wind turbines. The operation of AWES requires a controller for the tethered aircraft/kite module (KM), as well as a controller for the ground station module (GSM). The literature regarding the control of AWES mostly focuses on the trajectory tracking of the KM. However, an advanced control of the GSM is also key to the successful operation of an AWES. In this paper we propose a cascaded control strategy for the GSM of an AWES during the traction or power generation phase. The GSM comprises a winch and a three-phase induction machine (IM), which acts as a generator. In the outer control-loop, an integral sliding mode control (SMC) algorithm is designed to keep the winch velocity at the prescribed level. A detailed stability analysis is also presented for the existence of the SMC for the perturbed winch system. The rotor flux-based field oriented control (RFOC) of the IM constitutes the inner control-loop. Due to the sophisticated RFOC, the decoupled and instantaneous control of torque and rotor flux is made possible using decentralized proportional integral (PI) controllers. The unknown states required to design RFOC are estimated using a discrete time Kalman filter (DKF), which is based on the quasi-linear model of the IM. The designed GSM controller is integrated with an already developed KM, and the AWES is simulated using MATLAB and Simulink. The simulation study shows that the GSM control system exhibits appropriate performance even in the presence of the wind gusts, which account for the external disturbance.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali Arshad Uppal & Manuel C. R. M. Fernandes & Sérgio Vinha & Fernando A. C. C. Fontes, 2021. "Cascade Control of the Ground Station Module of an Airborne Wind Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-25, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:24:p:8337-:d:699963
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/24/8337/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/24/8337/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Luís Tiago Paiva & Fernando A. C. C. Fontes, 2018. "Optimal Control Algorithms with Adaptive Time-Mesh Refinement for Kite Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-17, February.
    2. Fagiano, L. & Schnez, S., 2017. "On the take-off of airborne wind energy systems based on rigid wings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 473-488.
    3. Mahdi Ebrahimi Salari & Joseph Coleman & Daniel Toal, 2018. "Power Control of Direct Interconnection Technique for Airborne Wind Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-17, November.
    4. Licitra, G. & Koenemann, J. & Bürger, A. & Williams, P. & Ruiterkamp, R. & Diehl, M., 2019. "Performance assessment of a rigid wing Airborne Wind Energy pumping system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 569-585.
    5. Cherubini, Antonello & Papini, Andrea & Vertechy, Rocco & Fontana, Marco, 2015. "Airborne Wind Energy Systems: A review of the technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1461-1476.
    6. Cristina L. Archer & Ken Caldeira, 2009. "Global Assessment of High-Altitude Wind Power," Energies, MDPI, vol. 2(2), pages 1-13, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Manuel C. R. M. Fernandes & Sérgio Vinha & Luís Tiago Paiva & Fernando A. C. C. Fontes, 2022. "L 0 and L 1 Guidance and Path-Following Control for Airborne Wind Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-16, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Trevisi, Filippo & McWilliam, Michael & Gaunaa, Mac, 2021. "Configuration optimization and global sensitivity analysis of Ground-Gen and Fly-Gen Airborne Wind Energy Systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 385-402.
    2. André F. C. Pereira & João M. M. Sousa, 2022. "A Review on Crosswind Airborne Wind Energy Systems: Key Factors for a Design Choice," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-40, December.
    3. Johannes Alexander Müller & Mostafa Yasser Mostafa Khalil Elhashash & Volker Gollnick, 2022. "Electrical Launch Catapult and Landing Decelerator for Fixed-Wing Airborne Wind Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-19, March.
    4. Jochem De Schutter & Rachel Leuthold & Thilo Bronnenmeyer & Elena Malz & Sebastien Gros & Moritz Diehl, 2023. "AWEbox : An Optimal Control Framework for Single- and Multi-Aircraft Airborne Wind Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-32, February.
    5. Saleem, Arslan & Kim, Man-Hoe, 2020. "Aerodynamic performance optimization of an airfoil-based airborne wind turbine using genetic algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    6. Mostafa A. Rushdi & Ahmad A. Rushdi & Tarek N. Dief & Amr M. Halawa & Shigeo Yoshida & Roland Schmehl, 2020. "Power Prediction of Airborne Wind Energy Systems Using Multivariate Machine Learning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-23, May.
    7. Ali, Qazi Shahzad & Kim, Man-Hoe, 2021. "Design and performance analysis of an airborne wind turbine for high-altitude energy harvesting," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    8. Malz, E.C. & Hedenus, F. & Göransson, L. & Verendel, V. & Gros, S., 2020. "Drag-mode airborne wind energy vs. wind turbines: An analysis of power production, variability and geography," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    9. Sridhar, Surya & Zuber, Mohammad & B., Satish Shenoy & Kumar, Amit & Ng, Eddie Y.K. & Radhakrishnan, Jayakrishnan, 2022. "Aerodynamic comparison of slotted and non-slotted diffuser casings for Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines (DAWT)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    10. Helena Schmidt & Gerdien de Vries & Reint Jan Renes & Roland Schmehl, 2022. "The Social Acceptance of Airborne Wind Energy: A Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-24, February.
    11. Xinyu Long & Mingwei Sun & Minnan Piao & Zengqiang Chen, 2021. "Parameterized Trajectory Optimization and Tracking Control of High Altitude Parafoil Generation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-20, November.
    12. Trevisi, Filippo & Gaunaa, Mac & McWilliam, Michael, 2020. "Unified engineering models for the performance and cost of Ground-Gen and Fly-Gen crosswind Airborne Wind Energy Systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 893-907.
    13. Shahzad Ali, Qazi & Kim, Man-Hoe, 2022. "Quantifying impacts of shell augmentation on power output of airborne wind energy system at elevated heights," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    14. Roystan Vijay Castelino & Pankaj Kumar & Yashwant Kashyap & Anabalagan Karthikeyan & Manjunatha Sharma K. & Debabrata Karmakar & Panagiotis Kosmopoulos, 2023. "Exploring the Potential of Kite-Based Wind Power Generation: An Emulation-Based Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-22, July.
    15. Bechtle, Philip & Schelbergen, Mark & Schmehl, Roland & Zillmann, Udo & Watson, Simon, 2019. "Airborne wind energy resource analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1103-1116.
    16. Saleem, Arslan & Kim, Man-Hoe, 2019. "Performance of buoyant shell horizontal axis wind turbine under fluctuating yaw angles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 79-91.
    17. Pankaj Kumar & Yashwant Kashyap & Roystan Vijay Castelino & Anabalagan Karthikeyan & Manjunatha Sharma K. & Debabrata Karmakar & Panagiotis Kosmopoulos, 2023. "Laboratory-Scale Airborne Wind Energy Conversion Emulator Using OPAL-RT Real-Time Simulator," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-30, September.
    18. Manuel C. R. M. Fernandes & Sérgio Vinha & Luís Tiago Paiva & Fernando A. C. C. Fontes, 2022. "L 0 and L 1 Guidance and Path-Following Control for Airborne Wind Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-16, February.
    19. Lunney, E. & Ban, M. & Duic, N. & Foley, A., 2017. "A state-of-the-art review and feasibility analysis of high altitude wind power in Northern Ireland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 899-911.
    20. Malz, E.C. & Koenemann, J. & Sieberling, S. & Gros, S., 2019. "A reference model for airborne wind energy systems for optimization and control," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 1004-1011.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:24:p:8337-:d:699963. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.