IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i20p6684-d656829.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Real-Time Energy Management System Design for a Developed PV-Based Distributed Generator Considering the Grid Code Requirements in Turkey

Author

Listed:
  • Gökay Bayrak

    (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Bursa, Turkey)

  • Davut Ertekin

    (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Bursa, Turkey)

  • Hassan Haes Alhelou

    (School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
    School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia)

  • Pierluigi Siano

    (Department of Management and Innovation Systems, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
    Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa)

Abstract

Each country must determine the Grid Code conditions and apply these criteria to integrate distributed generation (DG) systems into the existing electricity grid and to ensure a stable power system. Thus, experimental studies are required to provide an effective, national, and specific Grid Code. In this study, the Turkish Grid Code’s electrical criteria were examined, and the application of these criteria was carried out on a developed PV-based DG. A real-time energy management system (RTEMS) was proposed in the study. Electrical parameters on the developed DG were monitored in real-time by considering IEEE 1547, IEEE 929–2000, and Turkey’s electrical criteria. A practical grid code study was firstly investigated in detail about the Turkish Grid Code by a developed real-time monitoring-control and protection system. The proposed RTEMS method in the study is implemented as an inverter-resident system; thus, it provides advantages over many energy management systems embedded in the inverter. The degradation in power quality and non-detection zone (NDZ) problems encountered in active and passive island mode detection methods developed embedded in the inverter are eliminated in the proposed method. With the RTEMS method, where under and over-voltage, under and over voltage frequency, and unintentional island mode events can be detected in real-time, both the existing grid-code requirements are met, and the existing power quality and NDZ problem is eliminated with the recommended inverter-independent RTEMS method.

Suggested Citation

  • Gökay Bayrak & Davut Ertekin & Hassan Haes Alhelou & Pierluigi Siano, 2021. "A Real-Time Energy Management System Design for a Developed PV-Based Distributed Generator Considering the Grid Code Requirements in Turkey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-21, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:20:p:6684-:d:656829
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/20/6684/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/20/6684/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mustafa G zen, 2014. "Renewable Energy Support Mechanism in Turkey: Financial Analysis and Recommendations to Policymakers," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 4(2), pages 274-287.
    2. Carrêlo, Isaac Barata & Almeida, Rita Hogan & Narvarte, Luis & Martinez-Moreno, Francisco & Carrasco, Luis Miguel, 2020. "Comparative analysis of the economic feasibility of five large-power photovoltaic irrigation systems in the Mediterranean region," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 2671-2682.
    3. Umashankar Subramaniam & Swaminathan Ganesan & Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban & Frede Blaabjerg & Dhafer J. Almakhles, 2019. "Investigations of AC Microgrid Energy Management Systems Using Distributed Energy Resources and Plug-in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-14, July.
    4. Colmenar-Santos, Antonio & Linares-Mena, Ana-Rosa & Molina-Ibáñez, Enrique-Luis & Rosales-Asensio, Enrique & Borge-Diez, David, 2020. "Technical challenges for the optimum penetration of grid-connected photovoltaic systems: Spain as a case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 2296-2305.
    5. Yilmaz, Saban & Dincer, Furkan, 2017. "Optimal design of hybrid PV-Diesel-Battery systems for isolated lands: A case study for Kilis, Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 344-352.
    6. Yilun Shang, 2018. "Resilient Multiscale Coordination Control against Adversarial Nodes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-17, July.
    7. Khamis, Aziah & Shareef, Hussain & Bizkevelci, Erdal & Khatib, Tamer, 2013. "A review of islanding detection techniques for renewable distributed generation systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 483-493.
    8. Kesler, Selami & Kivrak, Sinan & Dincer, Furkan & Rustemli, Sabir & Karaaslan, Muharrem & Unal, Emin & Erdiven, Utku, 2014. "The analysis of PV power potential and system installation in Manavgat, Turkey—A case study in winter season," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 671-680.
    9. Kaygusuz, Kamil, 2002. "Renewable and sustainable energy use in Turkey: a review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 339-366, August.
    10. Krzysztof Chmielowiec & Łukasz Topolski & Aleks Piszczek & Zbigniew Hanzelka, 2021. "Photovoltaic Inverter Profiles in Relation to the European Network Code NC RfG and the Requirements of Polish Distribution System Operators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-24, March.
    11. Yilmaz, Saban & Ozcalik, Hasan Riza & Kesler, Selami & Dincer, Furkan & Yelmen, Bekir, 2015. "The analysis of different PV power systems for the determination of optimal PV panels and system installation—A case study in Kahramanmaras, Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1015-1024.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Abdeshahian, Peyman & Lim, Jeng Shiun & Ho, Wai Shin & Hashim, Haslenda & Lee, Chew Tin, 2016. "Potential of biogas production from farm animal waste in Malaysia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 714-723.
    2. Zhong, Qing & Tong, Daoqin, 2020. "Spatial layout optimization for solar photovoltaic (PV) panel installation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 1-11.
    3. Bayrak, Gökay & Kabalci, Ersan, 2016. "Implementation of a new remote islanding detection method for wind–solar hybrid power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1-15.
    4. Muhammad Bilal Ali & Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi & Abdullah Altamimi & Zafar A. Khan & Mohammed A. Alghassab, 2023. "Decarbonizing Telecommunication Sector: Techno-Economic Assessment and Optimization of PV Integration in Base Transceiver Stations in Telecom Sector Spreading across Various Geographically Regions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-34, April.
    5. Bakirci, Kadir & Colak, Derya, 2012. "Effect of a superheating and sub-cooling heat exchanger to the performance of a ground source heat pump system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 996-1004.
    6. Thiaux, Yaël & Dang, Thu Thuy & Schmerber, Louis & Multon, Bernard & Ben Ahmed, Hamid & Bacha, Seddik & Tran, Quoc Tuan, 2019. "Demand-side management strategy in stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic systems with real-time simulation of stochastic electricity consumption behavior," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    7. Akpınar, A. & Kaygusuz, K., 2012. "Regional sustainable water and energy development projects: A case of Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(2), pages 1146-1156.
    8. Rezaee Jordehi, Ahmad, 2016. "Allocation of distributed generation units in electric power systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 893-905.
    9. Wen, Shuli & Lan, Hai & Hong, Ying-Yi & Yu, David C. & Zhang, Lijun & Cheng, Peng, 2016. "Allocation of ESS by interval optimization method considering impact of ship swinging on hybrid PV/diesel ship power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 158-167.
    10. Dong-Hui Ko & Jaekwan Chung & Kwang-Soo Lee & Jin-Soon Park & Jin-Hak Yi, 2019. "Current Policy and Technology for Tidal Current Energy in Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-15, May.
    11. Celena Lorenzo & Luis Narvarte & Ana Belén Cristóbal, 2020. "A Comparative Economic Feasibility Study of Photovoltaic Heat Pump Systems for Industrial Space Heating and Cooling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-20, August.
    12. D’Adamo, Idiano & Falcone, Pasquale Marcello & Gastaldi, Massimo & Morone, Piergiuseppe, 2020. "The economic viability of photovoltaic systems in public buildings: Evidence from Italy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    13. Bingham, Raymond D. & Agelin-Chaab, Martin & Rosen, Marc A., 2019. "Whole building optimization of a residential home with PV and battery storage in The Bahamas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1088-1103.
    14. Yilmaz, Saban & Dincer, Furkan, 2017. "Impact of inverter capacity on the performance in large-scale photovoltaic power plants – A case study for Gainesville, Florida," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 15-23.
    15. Mousavi, Seyed Ali & Toopshekan, Ashkan & Mehrpooya, Mehdi & Delpisheh, Mostafa, 2023. "Comprehensive exergetic performance assessment and techno-financial optimization of off-grid hybrid renewable configurations with various dispatch strategies and solar tracking systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 40-63.
    16. Kose, Ramazan & Ozgur, M. Arif & Erbas, Oguzhan & Tugcu, Abtullah, 2004. "The analysis of wind data and wind energy potential in Kutahya, Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 8(3), pages 277-288, June.
    17. Dhimish, Mahmoud & Holmes, Violeta & Dales, Mark, 2017. "Parallel fault detection algorithm for grid-connected photovoltaic plants," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 94-111.
    18. Nalan, Çiçek Bezir & Murat, Öztürk & Nuri, Özek, 2009. "Renewable energy market conditions and barriers in Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(6-7), pages 1428-1436, August.
    19. Rahmat Khezri & Amin Mahmoudi & Hirohisa Aki & S. M. Muyeen, 2021. "Optimal Planning of Remote Area Electricity Supply Systems: Comprehensive Review, Recent Developments and Future Scopes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-29, September.
    20. Huda, A.S.N. & Živanović, R., 2017. "Large-scale integration of distributed generation into distribution networks: Study objectives, review of models and computational tools," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 974-988.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:20:p:6684-:d:656829. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.