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Methods of Ensuring Energy Security with the Use of Hard Coal—The Case of Poland

Author

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  • Aurelia Rybak

    (Faculty of Mining, Safety Engineering and Industrial Automation, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

  • Aleksandra Rybak

    (Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland)

Abstract

In this article, the authors present methods based on hard coal that may ensure energy security for European Union countries. The research was carried out based on the example of Poland. The main reason for which coal is being gradually withdrawn from the energy mixes in EU countries is its negative impact on the natural environment and the health of citizens and economic factors related to domestic fuel production. The authors propose the creation of energy–chemical clusters as a solution to these problems. It is assumed that the clusters would operate following the principles of the circular economy. We also propose methods for the optimization of the production and transport costs within the cluster. Then, we conduct profitability analysis of the proposed waste management methods. At the level of the designated cluster, using network algorithms enabled us to reduce the transport costs by at least 50%. It is possible to obtain rare earth elements (REEs) worth USD 22,970 from 1 Mg of ash. At the level of the analyzed cluster, this leads to an annual profit of USD 3.5 billion. The profit related to algae production at the cluster level is approximately USD 2.5 bn.

Suggested Citation

  • Aurelia Rybak & Aleksandra Rybak, 2021. "Methods of Ensuring Energy Security with the Use of Hard Coal—The Case of Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-25, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:18:p:5609-:d:630795
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Yan & Wang, Si-Xia & Yao, Jian-Ting & Tong, Rui-Peng, 2023. "The impact of behavior safety management system on coal mine work safety: A system dynamics model of quadripartite evolutionary game," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    2. Aleksandra Kozłowska-Woszczycka & Katarzyna Pactwa, 2022. "Social License for Closure—A Participatory Approach to the Management of the Mine Closure Process," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-26, May.
    3. Aurelia Rybak & Aleksandra Rybak & Jarosław Joostberens & Spas D. Kolev, 2022. "Cluster Analysis of the EU-27 Countries in Light of the Guiding Principles of the European Green Deal, with Particular Emphasis on Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-20, July.

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