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Italian Experience on Electrical Storage Ageing for Primary Frequency Regulation

Author

Listed:
  • Roberto Benato

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy)

  • Sebastian Dambone Sessa

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy)

  • Maura Musio

    (Terna S.p.A., Innovation Factory System Operator, Strategy Development and Dispatching, 00156 Rome, Italy)

  • Francesco Palone

    (Terna Rete Italia S.p.A., Substation Engineering, Engineering and Asset Management, 00138 Rome, Italy)

  • Rosario Maria Polito

    (Terna S.p.A., Innovation Factory System Operator, Strategy Development and Dispatching, 00156 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

The paper describes the results of different types of ageing tests performed by Terna (the Italian Transmission System Operator) applied to several electrochemical technologies, namely lithium-based and sodium-nickel chloride-based technologies. In particular, the tested lithium-based technologies exploit a graphite-based anode and the following cathode electrochemistries: lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel cobalt aluminium, lithium nickel cobalt manganese, and lithium titanate. These tests have been performed in the storage labs located in Sardinia (Codrongianos) and Sicily (Ciminna). The aim of the storage labs is intended to give the electrical grid ancillary services, for example, primary frequency regulation, secondary frequency regulation, voltage regulation, synthetic rotational inertia provision, and many more. For the primary frequency regulation service, the ageing of the batteries is difficult to foresee as the ageing tests are not standardized. The authors proposed some novel cycle types, which showed that, in several cases, the frequency regulation cycle ages the batteries much more than the standard cycle. The standard cycle definition has been adopted in the paper to identify a battery cycle test that was carried out to uniformly compare and rank the different technologies. Moreover, sodium-nickel chloride batteries are unaffected by the types of cycle and have a negligible ageing. In addition, lithium manganese oxide and lithium titanate batteries show very good behaviour with a slight degradation of the dischargeable energy, irrespectively of the type of cycle. Inversely, lithium nickel cobalt aluminium technology shows a considerable ageing and a strong dependence on the cycle types. Even if the theoretical explanations of such aging behaviours need time to be understood and expounded, the authors are convinced that the scientific community should become aware of these experimental results.

Suggested Citation

  • Roberto Benato & Sebastian Dambone Sessa & Maura Musio & Francesco Palone & Rosario Maria Polito, 2018. "Italian Experience on Electrical Storage Ageing for Primary Frequency Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-12, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:8:p:2087-:d:163127
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Roberto Benato & Gianluca Bruno & Francesco Palone & Rosario M. Polito & Massimo Rebolini, 2017. "Large-Scale Electrochemical Energy Storage in High Voltage Grids: Overview of the Italian Experience," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-17, January.
    2. Mauro Andriollo & Roberto Benato & Michele Bressan & Sebastian Dambone Sessa & Francesco Palone & Rosario Maria Polito, 2015. "Review of Power Conversion and Conditioning Systems for Stationary Electrochemical Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-16, January.
    3. Zhao, Haoran & Wu, Qiuwei & Hu, Shuju & Xu, Honghua & Rasmussen, Claus Nygaard, 2015. "Review of energy storage system for wind power integration support," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 545-553.
    4. Alotto, Piergiorgio & Guarnieri, Massimo & Moro, Federico, 2014. "Redox flow batteries for the storage of renewable energy: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 325-335.
    5. Luo, Xing & Wang, Jihong & Dooner, Mark & Clarke, Jonathan, 2015. "Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 511-536.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Monika Sandelic & Daniel-Ioan Stroe & Florin Iov, 2018. "Battery Storage-Based Frequency Containment Reserves in Large Wind Penetrated Scenarios: A Practical Approach to Sizing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Diego Mejía-Giraldo & Gregorio Velásquez-Gomez & Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano & Juan Bernardo Cano-Quintero & Santiago Lemos-Cano, 2019. "A BESS Sizing Strategy for Primary Frequency Regulation Support of Solar Photovoltaic Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-16, January.
    4. Natascia Andrenacci & Elio Chiodo & Davide Lauria & Fabio Mottola, 2018. "Life Cycle Estimation of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Primary Frequency Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-24, November.
    5. Ekaterina Bayborodina & Michael Negnevitsky & Evan Franklin & Alison Washusen, 2021. "Grid-Scale Battery Energy Storage Operation in Australian Electricity Spot and Contingency Reserve Markets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-21, December.
    6. Hyung-Seung Kim & Junho Hong & In-Sun Choi, 2021. "Implementation of Distributed Autonomous Control Based Battery Energy Storage System for Frequency Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-19, May.
    7. Serdar Kadam & Wolfgang Hofbauer & Stefan Lais & Magdalena Neuhauser & Erich Wurm & Luisa Fernandes Lameiro & Yves-Marie Bourien & Grégory Païs & Jean-Louis Drommi & Christophe Nicolet & Christian Lan, 2023. "Hybridization of a RoR HPP with a BESS—The XFLEX HYDRO Vogelgrun Demonstrator," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-20, June.

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