IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v11y2018i4p775-d138535.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Stackelberg Game Approach for Energy Outage-Aware Power Distribution of an Off-Grid Base Station over Multiple Retailers

Author

Listed:
  • Seung Hyun Jeon

    (School of Electrical Engineering, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea)

  • Joohyung Lee

    (Department of Software, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea)

  • Hong-Shik Park

    (School of Electrical Engineering, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea)

Abstract

This paper investigates the problem of power distribution for an off-grid base station (BS) that operates sustainably without an electrical grid. We consider that multiple retailers with heterogeneous renewable energy sources (RESs) compete to maximize their revenues by individually setting the unit power price. Energy outages (EOs), which cause the power supply to fall below that which is sufficient for ensuring the traffic arrival rate required for the off-grid BS, critically affect the users’ service quality. To minimize EOs and operational expenditure (OPEX), the off-grid BS manages the power supply by reacting to the retailers’ pricing decisions. We analyze the economic benefits of power distribution to the off-grid BS from the perspective of the retailers’ pricing competition, by designing a hierarchical decision-making scheme as a multi-leader single-follower Stackelberg game. We derive a closed form expression for the optimal behavior of the off-grid BS and retailers, based on well-designed utility functions. Finally, numerical results demonstrate the proposed solution with its practical convergence time.

Suggested Citation

  • Seung Hyun Jeon & Joohyung Lee & Hong-Shik Park, 2018. "A Stackelberg Game Approach for Energy Outage-Aware Power Distribution of an Off-Grid Base Station over Multiple Retailers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-13, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:4:p:775-:d:138535
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/4/775/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/4/775/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Deshmukh, M.K. & Deshmukh, S.S., 2008. "Modeling of hybrid renewable energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(1), pages 235-249, January.
    2. Asma Mohamad Aris & Bahman Shabani, 2015. "Sustainable Power Supply Solutions for Off-Grid Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-38, September.
    3. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2017. "Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and Future Research Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-27, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jiang, Qian & Mu, Yunfei & Jia, Hongjie & Cao, Yan & Wang, Zibo & Wei, Wei & Hou, Kai & Yu, Xiaodan, 2022. "A Stackelberg Game-based planning approach for integrated community energy system considering multiple participants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Niranjan Rao Deevela & Tara C. Kandpal & Bhim Singh, 2024. "A review of renewable energy based power supply options for telecom towers," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(2), pages 2897-2964, February.
    2. Mahshid Javidsharifi & Hamoun Pourroshanfekr & Tamas Kerekes & Dezso Sera & Sergiu Spataru & Josep M. Guerrero, 2021. "Optimum Sizing of Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems for Powering Green Base Stations in Cellular Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, March.
    3. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Energy Optimization Strategies for Eco-Friendly Cellular Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, June.
    4. Siow Chun Lim & Tong Jia Meng & Chinnasamy Palanichamy & Gan Tian Eng, 2019. "Feasibility Study of Wind Energy Harvesting at TELCO Tower in Malaysia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(6), pages 277-282.
    5. Dawoud, Samir M. & Lin, Xiangning & Okba, Merfat I., 2018. "Hybrid renewable microgrid optimization techniques: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2039-2052.
    6. Sun, Wei & Harrison, Gareth P., 2019. "Wind-solar complementarity and effective use of distribution network capacity," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C), pages 89-101.
    7. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim, 2016. "Hybrid Off-Grid SPV/WTG Power System for Remote Cellular Base Stations Towards Green and Sustainable Cellular Networks in South Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-23, December.
    8. Yohwan Choi & Hongseok Kim, 2016. "Optimal Scheduling of Energy Storage System for Self-Sustainable Base Station Operation Considering Battery Wear-Out Cost," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-19, June.
    9. Yong Zeng & Yanpeng Cai & Guohe Huang & Jing Dai, 2011. "A Review on Optimization Modeling of Energy Systems Planning and GHG Emission Mitigation under Uncertainty," Energies, MDPI, vol. 4(10), pages 1-33, October.
    10. Wissem, Zghal & Gueorgui, Kantchev & Hédi, Kchaou, 2012. "Modeling and technical–economic optimization of an autonomous photovoltaic system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 263-272.
    11. Ma, Tao & Yang, Hongxing & Lu, Lin & Peng, Jinqing, 2014. "Technical feasibility study on a standalone hybrid solar-wind system with pumped hydro storage for a remote island in Hong Kong," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 7-15.
    12. Aktas, Ilter Sahin, 2024. "Techno-economic feasibility analysis and optimisation of on/off-grid wind-biogas-CHP hybrid energy system for the electrification of university campus: A case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PC).
    13. Banjo A. Aderemi & S. P. Daniel Chowdhury & Thomas O. Olwal & Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz, 2018. "Techno-Economic Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage Power System for a Mobile Cellular Base Station in Soshanguve, South Africa," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-26, June.
    14. Rezzouk, H. & Mellit, A., 2015. "Feasibility study and sensitivity analysis of a stand-alone photovoltaic–diesel–battery hybrid energy system in the north of Algeria," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 1134-1150.
    15. Gonzalez de Durana, Jose & Barambones, Oscar, 2018. "Technology-free microgrid modeling with application to demand side management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 165-178.
    16. Liu, F. & Tait, S. & Schellart, A. & Mayfield, M. & Boxall, J., 2020. "Reducing carbon emissions by integrating urban water systems and renewable energy sources at a community scale," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    17. Ringkjøb, Hans-Kristian & Haugan, Peter M. & Nybø, Astrid, 2020. "Transitioning remote Arctic settlements to renewable energy systems – A modelling study of Longyearbyen, Svalbard," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    18. Mohammed W. Baidas & Mastoura F. Almusailem & Rashad M. Kamel & Sultan Sh. Alanzi, 2022. "Renewable-Energy-Powered Cellular Base-Stations in Kuwait’s Rural Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-29, March.
    19. Kalim Ullah & Sajjad Ali & Taimoor Ahmad Khan & Imran Khan & Sadaqat Jan & Ibrar Ali Shah & Ghulam Hafeez, 2020. "An Optimal Energy Optimization Strategy for Smart Grid Integrated with Renewable Energy Sources and Demand Response Programs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-17, November.
    20. Mahelet G. Fikru & Gregory Gelles & Ana-Maria Ichim & Joseph D. Smith, 2019. "Notes on the Economics of Residential Hybrid Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-18, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:4:p:775-:d:138535. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.