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The Nexus between Crime Rates, Poverty, and Income Inequality: A Case Study of Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Lilik Sugiharti

    (Department of Economics, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia)

  • Rudi Purwono

    (Department of Economics, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia)

  • Miguel Angel Esquivias

    (Department of Economics, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia)

  • Hilda Rohmawati

    (Department of Economics, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia)

Abstract

This study examines whether income inequality and poverty are determinants of crime rates across 34 provinces in Indonesia. Three indicators of income inequality and four poverty measures are tested to examine whether the dimension and degree of unequal welfare distribution are linked to crime occurrences. We use panel data from 2010 to 2019 with the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. The findings indicate that higher income levels and wider income inequality are associated with higher crime rates. Our first indicator of income inequality, non-food expenditure, has a larger impact on crime rates than our second and third indicators, i.e., the gap in food expenditure and the Gini ratio. Poverty is also positively associated with crime. The wider the poverty gap (a measure of poverty) and the severity index, the higher the deprivation levels among the poor, which lead to more crime. The significant and positive effect of poverty on crime rates, and the positive nexus between crime, income, and inequality suggest that Indonesia will face a higher crime risk as the country becomes increasingly more affluent. In such a scenario, policymakers can leverage education and investment (domestic and foreign) to minimize the crime rate. The government could also strengthen crime prevention programs, crime settlement systems, and policing in Indonesia, and raise the budget for social assistance.

Suggested Citation

  • Lilik Sugiharti & Rudi Purwono & Miguel Angel Esquivias & Hilda Rohmawati, 2023. "The Nexus between Crime Rates, Poverty, and Income Inequality: A Case Study of Indonesia," Economies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-15, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:11:y:2023:i:2:p:62-:d:1067235
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    Cited by:

    1. Antonicelli, Margareth & Drago, Carlo & Costantiello, Alberto & Leogrande, Angelo, 2025. "Analyzing Income Inequalities across Italian regions: Instrumental Variable Panel Data, K-Means Clustering and Machine Learning Algorithms," MPRA Paper 124910, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Nadeem Iqbal & Awais Hassan & Talha Waheed, 2025. "AI-driven crime prediction: a systematic literature review," Journal of Computational Social Science, Springer, vol. 8(2), pages 1-47, May.
    3. Lilik Sugiharti & Miguel Angel Esquivias & Mohd Shahidan Shaari & Ari Dwi Jayanti & Abdul Rahim Ridzuan, 2023. "Indonesia’s poverty puzzle: Chronic vs. transient poverty dynamics," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(2), pages 2267927-226, October.
    4. Umer Zaman & Joshua Chukwuma Onwe & Pabitra Kumar Jena & Ogochukwu C. Anyanwu & Joy Eleojo Ebeh & Obonetse Fulu, 2023. "Unraveling the intricate relationship between unemployment, population, and poverty in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Does quality of life matter?," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(5), pages 3930-3945, October.

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