IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jcltec/v7y2025i2p36-d1640700.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Solar, Wind, Hydrogen, and Bioenergy-Based Hybrid System for Off-Grid Remote Locations: Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Roksana Yasmin

    (School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia)

  • Md. Nurun Nabi

    (School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia)

  • Fazlur Rashid

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
    Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA)

  • Md. Alamgir Hossain

    (Queensland Micro-and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia)

Abstract

Transitioning to clean energy in off-grid remote locations is essential to reducing fossil-fuel-generated greenhouse gas emissions and supporting renewable energy growth. While hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES), including multiple renewable energy (RE) sources and energy storage systems are instrumental, it requires technical reliability with economic efficiency. This study examines the feasibility of an HRES incorporating solar, wind, hydrogen, and biofuel energy at a remote location in Australia. An electric vehicle charging load alongside a residential load is considered to lower transportation-based emissions. Additionally, the input data (load profile and solar data) is validated through statistical analysis, ensuring data reliability. HOMER Pro software is used to assess the techno-economic and environmental performance of the hybrid systems. Results indicate that the optimal HRES comprising of photovoltaic, wind turbines, fuel cell, battery, and biodiesel generators provides a net present cost of AUD 9.46 million and a cost of energy of AUD 0.183, outperforming diesel generator-inclusive systems. Hydrogen energy-based FC offered the major backup supply, indicating the potential role of hydrogen energy in maintaining reliability in off-grid hybrid systems. Sensitivity analysis observes the effect of variations in biodiesel price and electric load on the system performance. Environmentally, the proposed system is highly beneficial, offering zero carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions, contributing to the global net-zero target. The implications of this research highlight the necessity of a regional clean energy policy facilitating energy planning and implementation, skill development to nurture technology-intensive energy projects, and active community engagement for a smooth energy transition. Potentially, the research outcome advances the understanding of HRES feasibility for remote locations and offers a practical roadmap for sustainable energy solutions.

Suggested Citation

  • Roksana Yasmin & Md. Nurun Nabi & Fazlur Rashid & Md. Alamgir Hossain, 2025. "Solar, Wind, Hydrogen, and Bioenergy-Based Hybrid System for Off-Grid Remote Locations: Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-33, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jcltec:v:7:y:2025:i:2:p:36-:d:1640700
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8797/7/2/36/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8797/7/2/36/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chennaif, Mohammed & Zahboune, Hassan & Elhafyani, Mohammed & Zouggar, Smail, 2021. "Electric System Cascade Extended Analysis for optimal sizing of an autonomous hybrid CSP/PV/wind system with Battery Energy Storage System and thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    2. Shafiullah, G.M., 2016. "Hybrid renewable energy integration (HREI) system for subtropical climate in Central Queensland, Australia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 1034-1053.
    3. Powell, Janine W. & Welsh, Jon M., 2019. "The Economics of Integrating Alternative Energy: A Farm Case Study at Emerald, Queensland," AFBM Journal, Australasian Farm Business Management Network, vol. 16(01).
    4. Flygare, Carl & Wallberg, Alexander & Jonasson, Erik & Castellucci, Valeria & Waters, Rafael, 2024. "Correlation as a method to assess electricity users’ contributions to grid peak loads: A case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    5. Yadav, Subhash & Kumar, Pradeep & Kumar, Ashwani, 2024. "Techno-economic assessment of hybrid renewable energy system with multi energy storage system using HOMER," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 297(C).
    6. Abdullah Al-Badi & Abdulmajeed Al Wahaibi & Razzaqul Ahshan & Arif Malik, 2022. "Techno-Economic Feasibility of a Solar-Wind-Fuel Cell Energy System in Duqm, Oman," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-14, July.
    7. Muhammad Aqil Afham Rahmat & Ag Sufiyan Abd Hamid & Yuanshen Lu & Muhammad Amir Aziat Ishak & Shaikh Zishan Suheel & Ahmad Fazlizan & Adnan Ibrahim, 2022. "An Analysis of Renewable Energy Technology Integration Investments in Malaysia Using HOMER Pro," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-24, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Danish, Syed Noman & Al-Ansary, Hany & El-Leathy, Abdelrahman & Ba-Abbad, Mazen & Khan, Salah Ud-Din & Rizvi, Arslan & Orfi, Jamel & Al-Nakhli, Ahmed, 2022. "Experimental and techno-economic analysis of two innovative solar thermal receiver designs for a point focus solar Fresnel collector," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
    2. Emrani, Anisa & Berrada, Asmae & Bakhouya, Mohamed, 2022. "Optimal sizing and deployment of gravity energy storage system in hybrid PV-Wind power plant," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 12-27.
    3. Ana Tereza Andrade Borba & Leonardo Jaime Machado Simões & Thamiles Rodrigues de Melo & Alex Álisson Bandeira Santos, 2024. "Techno-Economic Assessment of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System for a County in the State of Bahia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-18, January.
    4. Abdullah Al Abri & Abdullah Al Kaaf & Musaab Allouyahi & Ali Al Wahaibi & Razzaqul Ahshan & Rashid S. Al Abri & Ahmed Al Abri, 2022. "Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Renewable Mix Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Electrification of Al-Dhafrat Rural Area in Oman," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-23, December.
    5. Gbalimene Richard Ileberi & Pu Li, 2023. "Integrating Hydrokinetic Energy into Hybrid Renewable Energy System: Optimal Design and Comparative Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-28, April.
    6. Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar & Shauhrat S. Chopra & Aneesh A. Chand & Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan & G.M. Shafiullah, 2020. "Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrid for a Residential Community: A Techno-Economic and Environmental Perspective in the Context of the SDG7," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-30, May.
    7. Ajlan, Abdullah & Tan, Chee Wei & Abdilahi, Abdirahman Mohamed, 2017. "Assessment of environmental and economic perspectives for renewable-based hybrid power system in Yemen," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 559-570.
    8. Chennaif, Mohammed & Maaouane, Mohamed & Zahboune, Hassan & Elhafyani, Mohammed & Zouggar, Smail, 2022. "Tri-objective techno-economic sizing optimization of Off-grid and On-grid renewable energy systems using Electric system Cascade Extended analysis and system Advisor Model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    9. Stefano Bigiotti & Mariangela Ludovica Santarsiero & Carlo Costantino & Alvaro Marucci, 2025. "Photovoltaic Technology and Rural Landscapes: A Systematic Literature Review on Challenges and Sustainable Integration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-54, April.
    10. Mehmet Ali Köprü & Dursun Öztürk & Burak Yıldırım, 2024. "A Dispatch Strategy for the Analysis of the Technical, Economic, and Environmental Performance of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-20, August.
    11. Zhang, Dong & Shafiullah, G.M. & Das, Choton K. & Wong, Kok Wai, 2025. "Optimal allocation of battery energy storage systems to improve system reliability and voltage and frequency stability in weak grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
    12. Dong Zhang & GM Shafiullah & Choton Kanti Das & Kok Wai Wong, 2023. "Optimal Allocation of Battery Energy Storage Systems to Enhance System Performance and Reliability in Unbalanced Distribution Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-35, October.
    13. Mohammad Mehdi Lotfinejad & Reza Hafezi & Majid Khanali & Seyed Sina Hosseini & Mehdi Mehrpooya & Shahaboddin Shamshirband, 2018. "A Comparative Assessment of Predicting Daily Solar Radiation Using Bat Neural Network (BNN), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), and Neuro-Fuzzy (NF) System: A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-15, May.
    14. Jeslin Drusila Nesamalar, J. & Venkatesh, P. & Charles Raja, S., 2017. "The drive of renewable energy in Tamilnadu: Status, barriers and future prospect," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 115-124.
    15. Onur Turan & Ali Durusu & Recep Yumurtaci, 2023. "Driving Urban Energy Sustainability: A Techno-Economic Perspective on Nanogrid Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-28, December.
    16. Sharma, Rakesh & Dutta, Pradip & Murthy, S.Srinivasa, 2024. "Application of hydrogen storage in polygeneration microgrids: Case study of wind microgrid in India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    17. Bazdar, Elaheh & Nasiri, Fuzhan & Haghighat, Fariborz, 2024. "Resilience-centered optimal sizing and scheduling of a building-integrated PV-based energy system with hybrid adiabatic-compressed air energy storage and battery systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    18. Wallberg, Alexander & Castellucci, Valeria & Flygare, Carl & Lind, Emil & Schultz, Egil & Mattos, Marina Martins & Waters, Rafael, 2024. "Negative correlation peak shaving control in a parking garage in Uppsala, Sweden," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 375(C).
    19. Tamal Chowdhury & Samiul Hasan & Hemal Chowdhury & Abul Hasnat & Ahmad Rashedi & M. R. M. Asyraf & Mohamad Zaki Hassan & Sadiq M. Sait, 2022. "Sizing of an Island Standalone Hybrid System Considering Economic and Environmental Parameters: A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-22, August.
    20. Xiao, Yulong & Zou, Chongzhe & Dong, Mingqi & Chi, Hetian & Yan, Yulin & Jiang, Shulan, 2024. "Feasibility study: Economic and technical analysis of optimal configuration and operation of a hybrid CSP/PV/wind power cogeneration system with energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jcltec:v:7:y:2025:i:2:p:36-:d:1640700. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.