IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jagris/v15y2025i18p1937-d1748578.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Technological Properties of Ancient Wheat Species and Common Wheat Grown Organically Under Mouldboard Ploughing and Shallow Tillage

Author

Listed:
  • Tomasz Knapowski

    (Department of Biogeochemistry, Soil Science and Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 6 Bernardyńska Street, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland)

  • Małgorzata Szczepanek

    (Department of Agronomy and Food Processing, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland)

  • Wojciech Kozera

    (Department of Biogeochemistry, Soil Science and Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 6 Bernardyńska Street, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland)

  • Ladislav Ducsay

    (Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia)

Abstract

The need to diversify food products on the market, the interest of producer-farmers and food processors in nutritionally healthy raw materials, and especially the demand among consumers for new, high-quality product assortments have led to the introduction of ancient wheat species into cultivation. Ancient plant species are often grown using environmentally friendly agricultural technologies. The aim of the study was to compare the technological parameters, rheological properties of dough, and baking indicators of grains (and the flour milled from them) from ancient wheat species T. sphaerococcum and T. persicum with common wheat. These were cultivated using both traditional ploughing and simplified shallow tillage systems. The wheat grain was obtained from field experiments located in three certified organic farms in Poland. In the plant material samples, physical, technological and rheological parameters were determined. The grain, flour, baked bread, and the colour of grain and flour were characterised. It was found that the tested cultivation systems did not have a significant effect on the analysed traits (except for dough parameters: dough stability time, dough softening, and bread weight after removal from the oven and 24 h after baking where shallow tillage turned out to be more advantageous). In turn, the wheat species significantly influenced the tested traits. This factor was found to determine relatively high (higher than common wheat) values of protein complex and water absorption characteristics in ancient wheat flour ( T. persicum : TPC/TPCF—156/150 g·kg −1 , WG/WGF—39.4/34.5%, WA—62.9%; T. sphaerococcum : TPC/TPCF—145/142 g·kg −1 , WG/WGF—38.5/33.3%, WA—58.2%). The obtained results for the technological and rheological properties of the grain and flour indicate that ancient wheat species, particularly T. persicum , can be a potential raw material for the production of healthy food, including bread baking.

Suggested Citation

  • Tomasz Knapowski & Małgorzata Szczepanek & Wojciech Kozera & Ladislav Ducsay, 2025. "Technological Properties of Ancient Wheat Species and Common Wheat Grown Organically Under Mouldboard Ploughing and Shallow Tillage," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-19, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:15:y:2025:i:18:p:1937-:d:1748578
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/18/1937/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/18/1937/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. S. Zhang & L.C. Wang & C. Shi & J. Chen & Q. Zhou & Y. Xiong, 2015. "Soil respiration in a triple intercropping system under conservation tillage," Plant, Soil and Environment, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 61(8), pages 378-384.
    2. Gaetano Pandino & Emanuela Mattiolo & Sara Lombardo & Grazia Maria Lombardo & Giovanni Mauromicale, 2020. "Organic Cropping System Affects Grain Chemical Composition, Rheological and Agronomic Performance of Durum Wheat," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-14, February.
    3. Majid Yousefian & Feizollah Shahbazi & Kianoosh Hamidian, 2021. "Crop Yield and Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Grains as Affected by Tillage Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-15, April.
    4. Dorota Gawęda & Małgorzata Haliniarz, 2021. "Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Depending on Previous Crop and Tillage System," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-16, February.
    5. Heather M. Beach & Ken W. Laing & Morris Van De Walle & Ralph C. Martin, 2018. "The Current State and Future Directions of Organic No-Till Farming with Cover Crops in Canada, with Case Study Support," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-15, January.
    6. Andrzej Woźniak & Leszek Rachoń, 2020. "Effect of Tillage Systems on the Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Grain and Soil Properties," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-12, September.
    7. Małgorzata Szczepanek & Grzegorz Lemańczyk & Rafał Nowak & Radomir Graczyk, 2022. "Response of Indian Dwarf Wheat and Persian Wheat to Sowing Density and Hydrothermal Conditions of the Growing Seasons," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-19, February.
    8. Magdaléna Lacko-Bartošová & Lucia Lacko-Bartošová & Amandeep Kaur & Jan Moudrý, 2022. "Comparative Assessment of Agro-Morphological and Quality Traits of Ancient Wheat Cultivars Grown under Organic Farming," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-16, September.
    9. Leszek Rachoń & Aneta Bobryk-Mamczarz & Anna Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, 2020. "Hulled Wheat Productivity and Quality in Modern Agriculture Against Conventional Wheat Species," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-13, July.
    10. Jan Buczek, 2020. "Quality and productivity of hybrid wheat depending on the tillage practices," Plant, Soil and Environment, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 66(8), pages 415-420.
    11. Sylwia Łaba & Grażyna Cacak-Pietrzak & Robert Łaba & Alicja Sułek & Krystian Szczepański, 2022. "Food Losses in Consumer Cereal Production in Poland in the Context of Food Security and Environmental Impact," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-17, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Marcin Różewicz & Jerzy Grabiński & Marta Wyzińska, 2024. "Growth Parameters, Yield and Grain Quality of Different Winter Wheat Cultivars Using Strip Tillage in Relation to the Intensity of Post-Harvest Soil Cultivation," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-19, December.
    2. Sylwia Wesołowska & Dariusz Daniłkiewicz & Dorota Gawęda & Małgorzata Haliniarz & Hubert Rusecki & Justyna Łukasz, 2022. "The Effect of Tillage Systems and Weed Control Methods on the Yield and Quality of Spelt Grain ( Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L.)," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-17, September.
    3. Boglárka Bozóki & Amare Assefa Bogale & Hussein Khaeim & Zoltán Kende & Barbara Simon & Gergő Péter Kovács & Csaba Gyuricza, 2025. "Impact of Soil Tillage Systems on CO 2 Emissions, Soil Chemical Parameters, and Plant Growth Physiological Parameters (LAI, SPAD) in a Long-Term Tillage Experiment in Hungary," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-28, August.
    4. Madara Darguza & Zinta Gaile, 2023. "The Productivity of Crop Rotation Depending on the Included Plants and Soil Tillage," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-15, September.
    5. Anca-Simina Popescu & Steliana Mocanu & Emilia Florentina Marin (Pascu) & Gabriela Loredana Dinulescu, 2025. "Insights on Cereals Sector in Romania's 8 Development Regions," Economics and Applied Informatics, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 1, pages 57-71.
    6. Kelly Cosgrove & Christopher Wharton, 2023. "Food Appreciation Scale Development and Dimensionality Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(14), pages 1-10, July.
    7. Haikang Li & Tchalla Korohou & Zhenyu Liu & Jing Geng & Qishuo Ding, 2024. "Analysis of Multiangle Wheat Density Effects Based on Drill Single-Seed Seeding," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-16, January.
    8. Jan Buczek & Dagmara Migut & Marta Jańczak-Pieniążek, 2021. "Effect of Soil Tillage Practice on Photosynthesis, Grain Yield and Quality of Hybrid Winter Wheat," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, May.
    9. Engonwie Sharon Mbachan & Ngwa Martin Ngwabie, 2024. "Assessing mechanized, conservation, and small-scale tillage impacts on Alexander wander wheat performance in Bamenda, Cameroon," International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT), IJARIT Research Foundation, vol. 14(2), December.
    10. Alexander Esaulko & Vladimir Sitnikov & Elena Pismennaya & Olga Vlasova & Evgeniy Golosnoi & Alena Ozheredova & Anna Ivolga & Vasilii Erokhin, 2022. "Productivity of Winter Wheat Cultivated by Direct Seeding: Measuring the Effect of Hydrothermal Coefficient in the Arid Zone of Central Fore-Caucasus," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-17, December.
    11. Harun Cicek & Mia Schoeber & Irfan Gültekin & Tae Hoon Kim & Alexander Heer & Fevzi Partigöç & Rifat Zafer Arısoy & Şeref Aksoyak & Fatih Özdemir & Amritbir Riar, 2025. "Superior Wheat Yield and Profitability in Conservation Agriculture with Diversified Rotations vs. Conventional Tillage in Cold Arid Climates," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-13, June.
    12. Somasundaram Jayaraman & Yash P. Dang & Anandkumar Naorem & Kathryn L. Page & Ram C. Dalal, 2021. "Conservation Agriculture as a System to Enhance Ecosystem Services," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-14, July.
    13. Vladan Ugrenović & Vera Popović & Milan Ugrinović & Vladimir Filipović & Ksenija Mačkić & Nataša Ljubičić & Slobodan Popović & Željko Lakić, 2021. "Black Oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb.) Ontogenesis and Agronomic Performance in Organic Cropping System and Pannonian Environments," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-14, January.
    14. Chaosu Li & Ming Li & Tao Xiong & Hongkun Yang & Xiaoqin Peng & Yong Wang & Haiyan Qin & Haojie Li & Yonglu Tang & Gaoqiong Fan, 2024. "Strip Tillage Improves Productivity of Direct-Seeded Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus ) in Rice–Oilseed Rape Rotation Systems," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-11, August.
    15. Rachid Aboutayeb & Aziz Baidani & Abdelmonim Zeroual & Nadia Benbrahim & Abdellah El Aissaoui & Hanane Ouhemi & Chafika Houasli & Elisabetta Mazzucotelli & Agata Gadaleta & Omar Idrissi, 2023. "Genetic Variability for Iron, Zinc, and Protein Content in a Mediterranean Lentil Collection Grown under No-Till Conditions: Towards Biofortification under Conservation Agriculture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-14, March.
    16. Imene Kerbouai & Dorra Sfayhi & Khaled Sassi & Hatem Cheikh M’hamed & Houda Jenfaoui & Jouhaina Riahi & Slim Arfaoui & Moncef Chouaibi & Hanen Ben Ismail, 2023. "Influence of Conservation Agriculture on Durum Wheat Grain, Dough Texture Profile and Pasta Quality in a Mediterranean Region," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, April.
    17. Magdaléna Lacko-Bartošová & Lucia Lacko-Bartošová & Amandeep Kaur & Jan Moudrý, 2022. "Comparative Assessment of Agro-Morphological and Quality Traits of Ancient Wheat Cultivars Grown under Organic Farming," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-16, September.
    18. Barbara Breza-Boruta & Karol Kotwica & Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska, 2021. "Effect of Tillage System and Organic Matter Management Interactions on Soil Chemical Properties and Biological Activity in a Spring Wheat Short-Time Cultivation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-18, November.
    19. Dorota Gawęda & Małgorzata Haliniarz, 2021. "Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Depending on Previous Crop and Tillage System," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-16, February.
    20. Maria-Georgeta Moldovan & Dan-Cristian Dabija & Cristina Bianca Pocol, 2022. "Resources Management for a Resilient World: A Literature Review of Eastern European Countries with Focus on Household Behaviour and Trends Related to Food Waste," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-13, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:15:y:2025:i:18:p:1937-:d:1748578. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.