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From risk factors to disease situations: A socio-spatial analysis of COVID-19 experiences in Lima, Peru

Author

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  • Nieto-Sanchez, Claudia
  • Dens, Stefanie
  • Cisneros, Jesus
  • Solari, Karla
  • De Los Santos, Mario
  • Vega, Victor
  • Silva-Santiesteban, Alfonso
  • Otero, Larissa
  • Grietens, Koen Peeters
  • Verdonck, Kristien

Abstract

The goal of this qualitative research study, part of an interdisciplinary project, was to understand the overlapping geographical distribution of COVID-19 and tuberculosis burden in Lima. Using an ethnographic approach, we applied the concept of disease situations to explore how inhabitants’ social and spatial situatedness affected their capacity to respond to the pandemic. Our results show that for some populations in Lima, the risk to develop COVID-19 did not emerge suddenly; it could be traced back to situations of living under subsistence models, relying on unstable sources of income, facing food insecurity, depending on certain mechanisms of social protection, residing in precarious living environments and lacking access to quality health care. These populations did not only have less resources to adjust to changes in daily life induced by the pandemic; they were also forced to constantly weigh the risk of COVID-19 against other pressing needs and potentially face increased risks when control measures were actually followed. Pre-existing social networks played fundamental roles as sources of emotional and material support. The lens of disease situations can help to identify and explain spatial and social configurations that enhance vulnerability, as well as resilience mechanisms that are in place to deal with crises. This perspective could inform the design of contextualised prevention and response strategies around health risks in cities as diverse as Lima, whilst building on existing resources at local levels.

Suggested Citation

  • Nieto-Sanchez, Claudia & Dens, Stefanie & Cisneros, Jesus & Solari, Karla & De Los Santos, Mario & Vega, Victor & Silva-Santiesteban, Alfonso & Otero, Larissa & Grietens, Koen Peeters & Verdonck, Kris, 2024. "From risk factors to disease situations: A socio-spatial analysis of COVID-19 experiences in Lima, Peru," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 362(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:362:y:2024:i:c:s0277953624008670
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117413
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Carlos Zamudio & Fiorella Krapp & Howard W Choi & Lena Shah & Antonio Ciampi & Eduardo Gotuzzo & Jody Heymann & Carlos Seas & Timothy F Brewer, 2015. "Public Transportation and Tuberculosis Transmission in a High Incidence Setting," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(2), pages 1-8, February.
    2. William Msemburi & Ariel Karlinsky & Victoria Knutson & Serge Aleshin-Guendel & Somnath Chatterji & Jon Wakefield, 2023. "The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic," Nature, Nature, vol. 613(7942), pages 130-137, January.
    3. Scott Orford & Yingling Fan & Philip Hubbard, 2023. "Urban public health emergencies and the COVID-19 pandemic. Part 1: Social and spatial inequalities in the COVID-city," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 60(8), pages 1329-1345, June.
    4. Blanca Elena Guerrero Daboin & Italla Maria Pinheiro Bezerra & Tassiane Cristina Morais & Isabella Portugal & Jorge de Oliveira Echeimberg & André Evaristo Marcondes Cesar & Matheus Paiva Emidio Caval, 2022. "Deciphering Multifactorial Correlations of COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality in the Brazilian Amazon Basin," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-16, January.
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