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Biodiesel production by esterification of oleic acid over zeolite Y prepared from kaolin

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  • Doyle, Aidan M.
  • Albayati, Talib M.
  • Abbas, Ammar S.
  • Alismaeel, Ziad T.

Abstract

Zeolite Y, with a Si/Al ratio 3.1, was prepared using Iraqi kaolin and tested as a catalyst in the liquid-phase esterification of oleic acid (a simulated free fatty acid frequently used as a model reaction for biodiesel production). XRD confirmed the presence of the characteristic faujasite structure of zeolite Y, and further analysis was conducted using BET adsorption, FTIR spectroscopy, XRF, DLS particle size and SEM. A range of experimental conditions were employed to study the reaction; alcohol/oleic acid molar ratio, temperature, and catalyst mass loading. The optimum conditions for the reaction were observed at 70 °C, 5 wt% catalyst loading and 6:1 ethanol to oleic acid molar ratio. The oleic acid conversion using the zeolite prepared from kaolin was 85% after 60 min, while the corresponding value for a commercial sample of HY zeolite was 76%. Our findings show that low Si/Al ratio zeolite Y is a suitable catalyst for esterification, which is in contrast to the widespread view of the unsuitability of zeolites, in general, for such applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Doyle, Aidan M. & Albayati, Talib M. & Abbas, Ammar S. & Alismaeel, Ziad T., 2016. "Biodiesel production by esterification of oleic acid over zeolite Y prepared from kaolin," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 19-23.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:97:y:2016:i:c:p:19-23
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.05.067
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    2. Abukhadra, Mostafa R. & Salam, Mohamed Abdel & Ibrahim, Sherouk M., 2019. "Insight into the catalytic conversion of palm oil into biodiesel using Na+/K+ trapped muscovite/phillipsite composite as a novel catalyst: Effect of ultrasonic irradiation and mechanism," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    3. Kuljiraseth, Jirayu & Kumpradit, Thanakorn & Leungcharoenwattana, Tuangrat & Poo-arporn, Yingyot & Jitkarnka, Sirirat, 2020. "Integrated glycerol- and ethanol-based chemical synthesis routes using Cu–Mg–Al LDH-derived catalysts without external hydrogen: Intervention of bio-ethanol co-fed with glycerol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 975-985.
    4. Maria Ameen & Mushtaq Ahmad & Muhammad Zafar & Mamoona Munir & Muhammad Mujtaba Mujtaba & Shazia Sultana & Rozina . & Samah Elsayed El-Khatib & Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & M. A. Kalam, 2022. "Prospects of Catalysis for Process Sustainability of Eco-Green Biodiesel Synthesis via Transesterification: A State-Of-The-Art Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-38, June.
    5. Laskar, Ikbal Bahar & Gupta, Rajat & Chatterjee, Sushovan & Vanlalveni, Chhangte & Rokhum, Lalthazuala, 2020. "Taming waste: Waste Mangifera indica peel as a sustainable catalyst for biodiesel production at room temperature," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 207-220.
    6. di Bitonto, Luigi & Reynel-Ávila, Hilda Elizabeth & Mendoza-Castillo, Didilia Ileana & Bonilla-Petriciolet, Adrián & Durán-Valle, Carlos J. & Pastore, Carlo, 2020. "Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured calcium oxides supported onto biochar and their application as catalysts for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 52-66.
    7. Oliveira, Kátia D. & Battiston, Lucas L. & Battiston, Caroline B.N. & Prauchner, Marcos J. & Martins, Gesley A.V. & Carneiro, Mayara E.B. & Ávila-Neto, Cícero N. & Muniz, Graciela I.B., 2024. "Esterification of crude tall oil catalyzed by Beta zeolite," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    8. Agata Mlonka-Mędrala, 2023. "Recent Findings on Fly Ash-Derived Zeolites Synthesis and Utilization According to the Circular Economy Concept," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-21, September.
    9. Dahdah, Eliane & Estephane, Jane & Haydar, Reem & Youssef, Yara & El Khoury, Bilal & Gennequin, Cedric & Aboukaïs, Antoine & Abi-Aad, Edmond & Aouad, Samer, 2020. "Biodiesel production from refined sunflower oil over Ca–Mg–Al catalysts: Effect of the composition and the thermal treatment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 1242-1248.
    10. Hernández-Montelongo, Rosaura & García-Sandoval, Juan Paulo & González-Álvarez, Alejandro & Dochain, Denis & Aguilar-Garnica, Efrén, 2018. "Biodiesel production in a continuous packed bed reactor with recycle: A modeling approach for an esterification system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(PA), pages 857-865.
    11. Gomes, Glaucio J. & Costa, Michelle Budke & Bittencourt, Paulo R.S. & Zalazar, María Fernanda & Arroyo, Pedro A., 2021. "Catalytic improvement of biomass conversion: Effect of adding mesoporosity on MOR zeolite for esterification with oleic acid," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 1-12.
    12. Zimmerman, William B. & Kokoo, Rungrote, 2018. "Esterification for biodiesel production with a phantom catalyst: Bubble mediated reactive distillation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 28-40.
    13. Daniel Carreira Batalha & Márcio José da Silva, 2021. "Biodiesel Production over Niobium-Containing Catalysts: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-33, September.
    14. Mowla, Omid & Kennedy, Eric & Stockenhuber, Michael, 2019. "Mass transfer and kinetic study on BEA zeolite-catalysed oil hydroesterification," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 417-425.
    15. Lani, Nurul Saadiah & Ngadi, Norzita & Inuwa, Ibrahim Mohammed, 2020. "New route for the synthesis of silica-supported calcium oxide catalyst in biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 1266-1277.
    16. Rade, Letícia L. & Lemos, Caroline O.T. & Barrozo, Marcos Antônio S. & Ribas, Rogério M. & Monteiro, Robson S. & Hori, Carla E., 2018. "Optimization of continuous esterification of oleic acid with ethanol over niobic acid," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 208-216.
    17. Resende, K.A. & de Souza, P.M. & Noronha, F.B. & Hori, C.E., 2019. "Thermodynamic analysis of phenol hydrodeoxygenation reaction system in gas phase," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 365-372.
    18. de Aguiar, Viviane Marques & de Souza, Andrea Luzia F. & Galdino, Fernanda S. & da Silva, Michelle Martha C. & Teixeira, Viviane Gomes & Lachter, Elizabeth R., 2017. "Sulfonated poly(divinylbenzene) and poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) as catalysts for esterification of fatty acids," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 725-732.
    19. Niu, Shengli & Yu, Hewei & Zhao, Shuang & Zhang, Xiangyu & Li, Ximing & Han, Kuihua & Lu, Chunmei & Wang, Yongzheng, 2019. "Apparent kinetic and thermodynamic calculation for thermal degradation of stearic acid and its esterification derivants through thermogravimetric analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 373-381.

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