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Porous cubic ZnSnO3 nanocatalysts designed via DC-glow non-thermal plasma-boosted and corn starch derived carbon-template induced co-precipitation manner: Enhanced esterification of oleic acid

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  • Mohammadi, Ali
  • Haghighi, Mohammad
  • Shabani, Maryam
  • Mohammadi Vaniar, Omid

Abstract

Novel porous cubic ZnSnO3 nanocatalysts designed via co-precipitation manner boosted with corn starch derived carbon-template and DC-glow non-thermal plasma was evaluated as an acidic catalyst in biodiesel production by esterification process. The characterization of the nanocatalysts modified by corn starch derived carbon-template and DC-glow non-thermal plasma technology was performed using XRD, FESEM, BET-BJH, TPD-NH3, 3D texture analysis, TEM and HRTEM techniques. The results showed that the novel modified sample via 10 wt% corn starch derived carbon-template (ZSO (HT = 10 %)), used for the first time in biofuel production, exhibited the best activity (84.8 %). its plasma-treated form (ZSO(HT = 10 %)-P) achieved the highest conversion (90.2 %) in oleic acid esterification. Corn starch derived carbon-template and DC-glow non-thermal plasma have a significant impact on the morphology of ZnSnO3. The sample ZSO(HT = 10 %)-P, in comparison with unmodified ZSO, exhibited higher macropore density, macropore volume (0.2004 cm3/g), mean pore diameter (37.8 nm), and density of acidic sites (17.2 μmol/m2). Also, during 5 periods of repeated use of (ZSO(HT = 10 %)-P), its structure and morphology remained unchanged without any drop in conversion percentage. Finally, the proposed simplified kinetic model and reaction mechanism were investigated and optimized by genetic algorithm across different temperatures and reaction times.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammadi, Ali & Haghighi, Mohammad & Shabani, Maryam & Mohammadi Vaniar, Omid, 2026. "Porous cubic ZnSnO3 nanocatalysts designed via DC-glow non-thermal plasma-boosted and corn starch derived carbon-template induced co-precipitation manner: Enhanced esterification of oleic acid," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:262:y:2026:i:c:s0960148126000169
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2026.125191
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    1. Lobo, Wyvirlany V. & Paes, Orlando A.R.L. & Sousa, Airi dos S. & Pinheiro, William & Sousa, Cesar A.S. & de Araújo Bezerra, Jaqueline & Novita, Lidya & Cheng, I. Francis & de Souza, Luiz K.C. & de Fre, 2025. "Application of sulfonated passion fruit seeds as a heterogeneous catalyst in the esterification of oleic and levulinic acids: Optimization of reaction parameters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
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