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A study on long-term operation and performance loss rates of various PV technologies in eastern Poland

Author

Listed:
  • Gulkowski, Slawomir
  • Muñoz Díez, José Vicente
  • Aguilera Tejero, Jorge
  • Dragan, Piotr
  • Nofuentes, Gustavo

Abstract

Despite Poland's rapid PV deployment, long-term system performance studies are virtually nonexistent. This paper analyzes the four-year performance of four small PV systems in Bordziłówka, eastern Poland, each using a different technology: polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS). The analysis focuses on energy yields, yield losses, performance metrics and performance loss rates (PLR, in %·y−1), the latter calculated via Classical Series Decomposition and Year-on-Year methods. Pc-Si outperformed the others, with an average annual yield 2 % higher than CIGS and 25–60 % higher than a-Si and CdTe. Performance ratio (PR) values ranged from 0.88 to 0.85 for pc-Si and 0.87–0.82 for CIGS, while a-Si and CdTe showed lower PR (0.66–0.63 and 0.46–0.26, respectively). CdTe exhibited the highest degradation with PLR of −15.2 ± 4.45 %·y−1 (YoY), contrasting with pc-Si's PLR −0.67 ± 0.89 %·y−1 (YoY), which aligns with warranty standards and global literature.

Suggested Citation

  • Gulkowski, Slawomir & Muñoz Díez, José Vicente & Aguilera Tejero, Jorge & Dragan, Piotr & Nofuentes, Gustavo, 2026. "A study on long-term operation and performance loss rates of various PV technologies in eastern Poland," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PH).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:256:y:2026:i:ph:s0960148125022128
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.124548
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