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Using Box-Behnken experimental design and fuzzy logic to determine optimal parameters in hydrothermal carbonization of grapefruit peel

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  • Simsir, Hamza
  • Akalın, Mehmet Kuddusi
  • Simsir, Fuat

Abstract

Hydrochars have great potential to be used in many fields due to their superior physicochemical properties and ability to be produced under mild reaction conditions at low cost. This study aimed to determine the effects of reaction temperature, time, and biomass concentration parameters on the higher heating value (HHV) and energy efficiency (EE) of hydrothermal carbonization of grapefruit peel. For this purpose, the Box-Behnken experimental design was used to conduct fewer experiments and examine the interactions between independent variables. After these experiments, HHV and EE values between 20.19 and 26.00 (MJ/kg) and 76.50 and 93.15 (%) were calculated, respectively. According to the variance analysis, the coefficients of determination of the experimental and predicted values were consistent for HHV and EE. Also, estimation studies and parameter analyses were performed with the Fuzzy Logic approach, and a comparative evaluation was made with the results of the Box-Behnken method. Accordingly, the R2 values were calculated to be higher than 0.97 for both HHV and EE with both models.

Suggested Citation

  • Simsir, Hamza & Akalın, Mehmet Kuddusi & Simsir, Fuat, 2026. "Using Box-Behnken experimental design and fuzzy logic to determine optimal parameters in hydrothermal carbonization of grapefruit peel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PG).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:256:y:2026:i:pg:s0960148125022037
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.124539
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zhang, Bo & Chen, Jixiang & He, Zhixia & Chen, Haitao & Kandasamy, Sabariswaran, 2019. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of fresh lemon-peel: Parameter optimisation and product chemistry," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 512-519.
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    3. Silvia Román & Judy Libra & Nicole Berge & Eduardo Sabio & Kyoung Ro & Liang Li & Beatriz Ledesma & Andrés Álvarez & Sunyoung Bae, 2018. "Hydrothermal Carbonization: Modeling, Final Properties Design and Applications: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-28, January.
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