Optimizing energy production in PV systems: Comprehensive review of radiation models and key factors influencing power generation

This paper presents a comprehensive framework for optimizing the orientation and spatial configuration of horizontally mounted photovoltaic (PV) panels to maximize annual energy yield. The proposed simplified deterministic mathematical model decouples factors influencing PV performance, enabling detailed analyses of geometric and utilization efficiencies. The framework applies to both fixed and solar-tracking systems, offering practical tools for determining optimal panel orientation based on latitude. Optimal dimensionless row spacing is also identified, although usually a balancing between energy production and practical concerns such as maintenance is required. The study highlights variability in existing radiation models and their coefficients, emphasizing the need for robust, location-independent optimization methods. It evaluates the effects of modeling assumptions, such as neglecting solar cell spacing in shading analyses, and identifies conditions under which these approximations remain valid. The sensitivity analysis carried out quantifies the impact of deviations from optimal configurations, illustrating the trade-offs between precise alignment and practical constraints. Validation against empirical data and literature shows consistent trends across diverse latitudes, demonstrating that the proposed mathematical model allows for the estimation of optimal angles in a universal manner, regardless of the specific characteristics of the studied location, beyond its latitude. By introducing a global efficiency metric, the framework integrates atmospheric, geometric, and system-level factors, providing a holistic approach to PV system design. These tools support early-stage planning for both standalone and industrial-scale solar installations, enhancing energy generation efficiency. Ultimately, this study offers a versatile and widely applicable methodology for optimizing PV system performance, contributing to more effective solar energy deployment worldwide.