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Comparative assessment for biodiesel production from low-cost feedstocks of third oil generation

Author

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  • Senusi, Wardah
  • Ahmad, Mardiana Idayu
  • Abdul Khalil, H.P.S.
  • Shakir, Mohammad Aliff
  • Binhweel, Fozy
  • Shalfoh, Ehsan
  • Alsaadi, Sami

Abstract

Biodiesel offers a sustainable fossil fuel alternative, highlighting the importance of third-generation feedstocks like macroalgae and waste frying oils (WFO) from palm, sunflower, and corn. This study investigates their physicochemical properties using different feedstocks towards biodiesel standard specifications. The feedstocks were synthesised through transesterification process at operating parameters molar ratio of methanol to oil (3:1–12:1), catalyst concentration (0.5–3 wt %), reaction time (60–240 min), and reaction temperature (55–75 °C). The fatty acid compositions were analysed using GC-Fid shows Azolla filiculoides (54.0 %), Ulva lactuca (56.0 %), WFO palm (56.5 %), WFO sunflower (85.7 %) and WFO corn (82.7 %) biodiesels dominated by unsaturated fatty acids have good physicochemical properties such as densities (872–883 kg/m3), kinematic viscosities (3.52–5.3 mm2/s), cloud points (10 °C to −10 °C), pour points (8 °C to −12 °C), cetane numbers (44.4–57.9), heating values (38.60–41.68 MJ/kg), and iodine values (60.94–129.15 g I2/100 g) meet the specification of biodiesel standards. This study reveals fatty acid profiles significantly impact the physicochemical properties of biodiesel. Among all feedstocks, Azolla filiculoides demonstrating particularly promising characteristics for biodiesel production. These findings advocate for the increased exploration of third-generation feedstocks in the quest for sustainable biodiesel production processes.

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  • Senusi, Wardah & Ahmad, Mardiana Idayu & Abdul Khalil, H.P.S. & Shakir, Mohammad Aliff & Binhweel, Fozy & Shalfoh, Ehsan & Alsaadi, Sami, 2024. "Comparative assessment for biodiesel production from low-cost feedstocks of third oil generation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:236:y:2024:i:c:s096014812401437x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121369
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    1. Ella Cebisa Linganiso & Boitumelo Tlhaole & Lindokuhle Precious Magagula & Silas Dziike & Linda Zikhona Linganiso & Tshwafo Elias Motaung & Nosipho Moloto & Zikhona Nobuntu Tetana, 2022. "Biodiesel Production from Waste Oils: A South African Outlook," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-21, February.
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    11. Binhweel, Fozy & Pyar, Hassan & Senusi, Wardah & Shaah, Marwan Abdulhakim & Hossain, Md Sohrab & Ahmad, Mardiana Idayu, 2023. "Utilization of marine ulva lactuca seaweed and freshwater azolla filiculoides macroalgae feedstocks toward biodiesel production: Kinetics, thermodynamics, and optimization studies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 717-730.
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    2. Xie, Manyao & Wang, Ying & Zhang, Kaibo, 2025. "Development and optimization of a realistic biodiesel-methanol mechanism based on genetic algorithm," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
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