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Fatty acids propyl esters: Synthesis optimization and application properties of their blends with diesel and 1-propanol

Author

Listed:
  • Gotovuša, Mia
  • Medić, Mihovil
  • Faraguna, Fabio
  • Šibalić, Matea
  • Konjević, Lucija
  • Vuković, Jelena Parlov
  • Racar, Marko

Abstract

This paper studied the influence of four reaction parameters–temperature (40–80 °C), time (1–3 h), mass % of catalyst (1–3 wt%) and molar ratio of 1-propanol to sunflower oil (6:1–10:1)–on the conversion of biodiesel. To achieve a conversion of 95% or above, the transesterification was optimized to reduce the time, temperature, molar ratio of 1-propanol to sunflower oil and mass % of catalyst. The optimal conditions were a temperature of 40 °C, time of 1 h, 1-propanol to oil molar ratio at 8.71:1 and mass % of catalyst of 1.96%. The fatty acid propyl esters (FAPRE) were purified and blended with 1-propanol and mineral diesel to determine the application properties as transportation fuels. The addition of FAPRE to diesel increases the density and viscosity and improves the lubricity with no effect on CFPP even with 10 vol% of FAPRE. On the contrary, the addition of 1-propanol in the FAPRE-diesel blends had an opposite effect (decrease in density, viscosity and lubricity). Nevertheless, all the blends satisfied the requirements according to EN 590 for the tested properties.

Suggested Citation

  • Gotovuša, Mia & Medić, Mihovil & Faraguna, Fabio & Šibalić, Matea & Konjević, Lucija & Vuković, Jelena Parlov & Racar, Marko, 2022. "Fatty acids propyl esters: Synthesis optimization and application properties of their blends with diesel and 1-propanol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 655-664.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:185:y:2022:i:c:p:655-664
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.088
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Racar, Marko & Faraguna, Fabio & Glasovac, Zoran & Jukić, Ante, 2020. "Experimental modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil and ethanol using N,N′,N″-tris(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-guanidine as catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 2374-2379.
    2. Alptekin, Ertan & Canakci, Mustafa, 2008. "Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel–diesel fuel blends," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(12), pages 2623-2630.
    3. Dwivedi, Gaurav & Sharma, M.P., 2014. "Impact of cold flow properties of biodiesel on engine performance," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 650-656.
    4. Atadashi, I.M. & Aroua, M.K. & Abdul Aziz, A.R. & Sulaiman, N.M.N., 2012. "Production of biodiesel using high free fatty acid feedstocks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 3275-3285.
    5. Dwivedi, Gaurav & Jain, Siddharth & Sharma, M.P., 2011. "Impact analysis of biodiesel on engine performance—A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 4633-4641.
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    1. Katarzyna Szymczyk & Anna Zdziennicka & Bronisław Jańczuk, 2025. "Modification of Canola Oil Properties Using Ethyl Oleate and n -Hexane," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Mia Gotovuša & Ivan Pucko & Marko Racar & Fabio Faraguna, 2022. "Biodiesel Produced from Propanol and Longer Chain Alcohols—Synthesis and Properties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-21, July.
    3. Anton L. Esipovich & Evgeny A. Kanakov & Tatyana A. Charykova & Ksenia V. Otopkova & Mikhail A. Smirnov & Yulia A. Mityukova & Artem S. Belousov, 2024. "A Comprehensive Study on Physicochemical Properties of Fatty Acid Esters Derived from Different Vegetable Oils and Alcohols and Their Potential Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(24), pages 1-27, December.
    4. Mia Gotovuša & Marko Racar & Lucija Konjević & Jelena Parlov Vuković & Fabio Faraguna, 2023. "The Influence of the Reaction Parameters on the Synthesis of Fatty Acid Octyl Esters and Investigation of Applications Properties of Its Blends with Mineral Diesel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-17, March.

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