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Accounting for carbon dioxide emissions from international shipping: Burden sharing under different UNFCCC allocation options and regime scenarios

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  • Heitmann, Nadine
  • Khalilian, Setareh

Abstract

CO2 emissions from international shipping, which are currently unregulated, are predicted to rise dramatically if no regulations are implemented. International bunker fuel emissions have been excluded from the Kyoto Protocol; the UNFCCC conference in Copenhagen also failed to bring about clear directions on how to proceed with these emissions. In this paper, the various options suggested by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice of the UNFCCC for allocating CO2 emissions from international shipping to individual countries are investigated. This is followed by a discussion of the economic and regulatory issues related to these options and the consequences of applying them. Then, the various options are evaluated on the basis of environmental effectiveness, possibility of legal implementation, and fairness of burden sharing. The evaluation shows that there is no single allocation option that can be regarded as environmentally effective, legally effective and allowing for fair burden sharing. Nevertheless, it is concluded that an allocation of international shipping emissions should be conducted on the basis of the operating company.

Suggested Citation

  • Heitmann, Nadine & Khalilian, Setareh, 2011. "Accounting for carbon dioxide emissions from international shipping: Burden sharing under different UNFCCC allocation options and regime scenarios," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 682-691, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:marpol:v:35:y:2011:i:5:p:682-691
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Lai, Kee-hung & Wong, Christina W.Y. & Veus Lun, Y.H. & Cheng, T.C.E., 2013. "Shipping design for compliance and the performance contingencies for shipping firms," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 74-83.
    2. Taih-Cherng Lirn & Hsiao-Wen Lin & Kuo-Chung Shang, 2014. "Green shipping management capability and firm performance in the container shipping industry," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(2), pages 159-175, March.
    3. Hristos Karahalios & Z.L. Yang & J. Wang, 2015. "A risk appraisal system regarding the implementation of maritime regulations by a ship operator," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(4), pages 389-413, May.
    4. Gilbert, Paul & Bows, Alice, 2012. "Exploring the scope for complementary sub-global policy to mitigate CO2 from shipping," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 613-622.
    5. Heitmann, Nadine & Peterson, Sonja, 2012. "The potential contribution of the shipping sector to an efficient reduction of global carbon dioxide emissions," Kiel Working Papers 1813, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    6. Ghaforian Masodzadeh, Peyman & Ölçer, Aykut I. & Ballini, Fabio & Christodoulou, Anastasia, 2022. "How to bridge the short-term measures to the Market Based Measure? Proposal of a new hybrid MBM based on a new standard in ship operation," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 123-142.
    7. Dirk Heine & Susanne Gäde, 2018. "Unilaterally removing implicit subsidies for maritime fuels," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 15(2), pages 523-545, April.
    8. Harris, Paul G. & Chow, Alice S.Y. & Symons, Jonathan, 2012. "Greenhouse gas emissions from cities and regions: International implications revealed by Hong Kong," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 416-424.
    9. Heitmann, Nadine, 2013. "Including maritime transport in the EU's climate change policy: Country-based allocation and effects," Kiel Working Papers 1824, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    10. Tilsted, Joachim Peter & Bjørn, Anders & Majeau-Bettez, Guillaume & Lund, Jens Friis, 2021. "Accounting matters: Revisiting claims of decoupling and genuine green growth in Nordic countries," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).

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