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A multiplex network approach to understanding extremist organizations: A case study of the Proud Boys

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  • Wippell, Jack G.R.
  • Haynie, Dana L.

Abstract

This paper explores the network dynamics of extremist organizations through a detailed case study of the Proud Boys. Using a multiplex network approach, informed by recent advances in research on gangs, we examine how various types of ties influence extremist behavior.

Suggested Citation

  • Wippell, Jack G.R. & Haynie, Dana L., 2025. "A multiplex network approach to understanding extremist organizations: A case study of the Proud Boys," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jcjust:v:96:y:2025:i:c:s0047235225000029
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102353
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wojciech Kaczkowski & K. M. Swartout & L. Branum-Martin & J. G. Horgan & A. F. Lemieux, 2022. "Impact of Perceived Peer Attitudes and Social Network Diversity on Violent Extremist Intentions," Terrorism and Political Violence, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(8), pages 1530-1548, November.
    2. Skyler J. Cranmer & Philip Leifeld & Scott D. McClurg & Meredith Rolfe, 2017. "Navigating the Range of Statistical Tools for Inferential Network Analysis," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 61(1), pages 237-251, January.
    3. Curtis Atkisson & Piotr J. G'orski & Matthew O. Jackson & Janusz A. Ho{l}yst & Raissa M. D'Souza, 2019. "Why understanding multiplex social network structuring processes will help us better understand the evolution of human behavior," Papers 1903.11183, arXiv.org, revised May 2020.
    4. Maura Conway, 2017. "Determining the Role of the Internet in Violent Extremism and Terrorism: Six Suggestions for Progressing Research," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(1), pages 77-98, January.
    5. Bailard, Catie Snow & Tromble, Rebekah & Zhong, Wei & Bianchi, Federico & Hosseini, Pedram & Broniatowski, David, 2024. "“Keep Your Heads Held High Boys!”: Examining the Relationship between the Proud Boys’ Online Discourse and Offline Activities," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 118(4), pages 2054-2071, November.
    6. Raul J Mondragon & Jacopo Iacovacci & Ginestra Bianconi, 2018. "Multilink communities of multiplex networks," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(3), pages 1-15, March.
    7. Paolo Campana & Federico Varese, 2013. "Cooperation in criminal organizations: Kinship and violence as credible commitments," Rationality and Society, , vol. 25(3), pages 263-289, August.
    8. David Dekker & David Krackhardt & Tom Snijders, 2007. "Sensitivity of MRQAP Tests to Collinearity and Autocorrelation Conditions," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 72(4), pages 563-581, December.
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