IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v343y2026ics0360544225054179.html

Data-driven based ignition strategy optimization for hydrogen rotary engines

Author

Listed:
  • Liu, Long
  • Liu, Haoyu
  • Jiao, Huichao
  • Liu, Dai
  • Xue, Ranran
  • Liu, Xiao
  • Wang, Xin
  • Wang, Zhanguang
  • Mu, Hongyu
  • Wang, Huaiyu
  • Wu, Yunke

Abstract

This paper aims to optimize the ignition strategy of a hydrogen rotary engine by combining machine learning, genetic algorithm and Computational Fluid Dynamics. The correlation coefficient indicates that the weight order of operating parameters on indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC), indicated power (IP), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) is excess air ratio (λ), trailing ignition timing (T_IT), and leading ignition timing (L_IT), in which the λ plays a decisive role in NOx. In constrained multi-objective optimization, near-zero emissions were achieved with NOx levels approaching 10 ppm while simultaneously realizing an IP exceeding 34 kW and an ISFC below 75 g/kW·h. The optimal solution for maximum braking torque indicates that L_IT always precedes T_IT, with overall advance increasing as λ rises. The results confirm that when L_IT occurs later than T_IT, the flame formed by tailing spark plug propagates to the vicinity of leading spark plug, reducing leading spark plug's contribution to combustion. Thus, L_IT must precede T_IT to optimize combustion. The data-driven simulation method proves effective for simultaneously enhancing performance and reducing emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Long & Liu, Haoyu & Jiao, Huichao & Liu, Dai & Xue, Ranran & Liu, Xiao & Wang, Xin & Wang, Zhanguang & Mu, Hongyu & Wang, Huaiyu & Wu, Yunke, 2026. "Data-driven based ignition strategy optimization for hydrogen rotary engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 343(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:343:y:2026:i:c:s0360544225054179
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139774
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225054179
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.139774?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tehseen Johar & Chiu-Fan Hsieh, 2023. "Design Challenges in Hydrogen-Fueled Rotary Engine—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-22, January.
    2. Lee, Seunghyun & Kim, Kiyeon & Lee, Jeongwoo & Kim, Yongrae & Cho, Jaeyoung & Oh, Sechul & Min, Kyoungdoug, 2025. "NOx reduction in hydrogen-fueled direct-injected spark ignition (DISI) engine using post-injection strategy: Experimental and chemical kinetics approaches," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    3. Wang, Huaiyu & Yan, Guohao & Jiao, Huichao & Liu, Dai & Liu, Long & Liu, Mengshi & Meng, Hao & Xin, Gu & Ji, Changwei & Yang, Jinxin & Wang, Qun, 2025. "Effects of spark ignition chamber arrangement on combustion characteristics in a hydrogen rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    4. Guangyu Mao, 2017. "Robust test for independence in high dimensions," Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(20), pages 10036-10050, October.
    5. Fan, Baowei & Jia, Xiaomin & Huo, Siquan & Pan, Jianfeng & Zeng, Yonghao & Wu, Xin & Jiang, Chao & Zhang, Yi & Yang, Wenming, 2025. "Numerical investigation of the effects of typical cylinder shapes with turbulent jet ignition on the combustion performance of methanol-fueled rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 338(C).
    6. Wang, Huaiyu & Ji, Changwei & Shi, Cheng & Yang, Jinxin & Wang, Shuofeng & Ge, Yunshan & Chang, Ke & Meng, Hao & Wang, Xin, 2023. "Multi-objective optimization of a hydrogen-fueled Wankel rotary engine based on machine learning and genetic algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
    7. Li, Pengzhen & Pan, Jianfeng & Fan, Baowei & Quaye, Evans K. & Zhang, Yi & Weng, Junjie & Yang, Wenming, 2025. "The effect of dual injection strategy on fuel distribution and combustion characteristics in ammonia/hydrogen rotary engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    8. Hauke Jan & Kossowski Tomasz, 2011. "Comparison of Values of Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients on the Same Sets of Data," Quaestiones Geographicae, Sciendo, vol. 30(2), pages 87-93, June.
    9. Chang, Ke & Ji, Changwei & Wang, Shuofeng & Yang, Jinxin & Wang, Huaiyu & Meng, Hao & Liu, Dianqing, 2023. "Numerical investigation of the synchronous and asynchronous changes of ignition timing in a double spark plugs direct injection rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    10. Wenzhi Gao & Zhen Fu & Yong Li & Yuhuai Li & Jiahua Zou, 2022. "Progress of Performance, Emission, and Technical Measures of Hydrogen Fuel Internal-Combustion Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-26, October.
    11. Meng, Hao & Ji, Changwei & Su, Teng & Yang, Jinxin & Chang, Ke & Xin, Gu & Wang, Shuofeng, 2022. "Analyzing characteristics of knock in a hydrogen-fueled Wankel rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    12. Bao, Jianhui & Lei, Jian & Tian, Guohong & Wang, Xiaomeng & Wang, Huaiyu & Shi, Cheng, 2024. "A review of the application development and key technologies of rotary engines under the background of carbon neutrality," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    13. Chen, Ziqiang & Ju, Peng & Wang, Zhe & Shi, Lei & Deng, Kangyao, 2025. "Research on multi-objective optimization control of diesel engine combustion process based on model predictive control-guided reinforcement learning method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    14. Meng, Hao & Zhan, Qiang & Ji, Changwei & Yang, Jinxin & Wang, Shuofeng, 2025. "Comprehensive multi-performance research of hydrogen-fueled Wankel rotary engine by experimental and data-driven methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    15. Wang, Huaiyu & Wang, Xin & Ge, Yunshan & Wang, Shuofeng & Yang, Jinxin & Ji, Changwei, 2025. "Analyzing the impact of hydrogen direct injection parameters on flow field and combustion characteristics in Wankel rotary engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
    16. Meng, Hao & Zhan, Qiang & Ji, Changwei & Yang, Jinxin & Wang, Shuofeng, 2024. "Identification, prediction and classification of hydrogen-fueled Wankel rotary engine knock by data-driven based on combustion parameters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    17. Yunji Kim & Inhong Min & Jieun Lee & Heena Yang, 2024. "An Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Electrolysis for Certifying Clean Hydrogen," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-16, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Du, Yang & Zhang, Zeqi & Pan, Yuyang & Yang, Zhenghao & Gao, Xu & He, Guangyu, 2026. "Ignition strategy optimization of novel n-butanol doping kerosene elliptical rotary engine using air-assisted direct injection: Combustion characteristics, thermodynamic and environmental performance improvement evaluation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    2. Zhu, Xianqi & Lu, Maoqi & Wan, Kaidi & Liu, Rongtang & Jiang, Chongwen, 2025. "Numerical simulation on combustion emission of hydrogen-ammonia blended natural gas rotary engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 338(C).
    3. Tang, Yiming & Wang, Bin & Li, Lei & Zhang, Zifan & Wang, Haifeng & Yu, Hao & Shen, Bo & Xie, Fangxi, 2025. "Knock detection and diagnosis in engines based on the WPKNN approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    4. Liu, Siyu & Liu, Rui & Xue, Shen & Li, Jing & Zhong, Lingfeng, 2025. "Numerical simulation analysis on the effect of structural parameters on the comprehensive performance of an aviation heavy-fuel rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    5. Ruan, Erbo & Xie, Fangxi & Liu, Yu & Qu, Hanshi & Wang, Zhenxi & Liu, Mingli & Li, Xian & Zhao, Zhe & Wang, Xiangyang, 2025. "Study on the impacts of ammonia addition on combustion and emissions in a high compression ratio jet ignition gasoline engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    6. Liu, Yuhao & Liu, Yu & Han, Linghai & Qu, Hanshi & Qian, Dingchao & Wang, Xiangyang & Xie, Fangxi & Zhao, Zhe, 2025. "Influence of wall structure on jet–wall interaction and combustion in an ammonia–hydrogen pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition system: A combined experimental and CFD study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    7. Sun, Yu & Yang, Jinxin & Wang, Shuofeng & Zhang, Yijin, 2025. "Ammonia-hydrogen direct injection in a rotary engine: A pathway to cleaner combustion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    8. Shi, Cheng & Lei, Jian & Tian, Guohong & Ma, Zedong & Yang, Xiyu & Zhu, Jian, 2025. "Numerical investigation on recess geometry amelioration of an ammonia-hydrogen zero-carbon Wankel engine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    9. Zhai, Yifan & Wang, Shuofeng & Wang, Zhe & Zhang, Tianyue & Ji, Changwei, 2023. "Experimental and numerical study on laminar combustion characteristics of by-product hydrogen coke oven gas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    10. Li, Guanfu & Wei, Yidi & Li, Jian & Jin, Bingrui & Xu, Lei & Jia, Boru & Xu, Zhenming, 2025. "Machine learning-driven combustion pressure reconstruction and prediction for free-piston linear generators using kinematic parameters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    11. Guillaume Marrelec & Alain Giron, 2024. "Inferring the finest pattern of mutual independence from data," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 65(3), pages 1677-1702, May.
    12. Agumas Alamirew Mebratu, 2024. "Theoretical foundations of voluntary tax compliance: evidence from a developing country," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-8, December.
    13. Tehseen Johar & Chiu-Fan Hsieh, 2023. "Design Challenges in Hydrogen-Fueled Rotary Engine—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-22, January.
    14. Alex Bara & Pierre LeRoux, 2018. "Technology, Financial Innovations and Bank Behavior in a Low Income Country," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 10(4), pages 221-234.
    15. Hai, Tao & Hussein Kadir, Dler & Ghanbari, Afshin, 2023. "Modeling the emission characteristics of the hydrogen-enriched natural gas engines by multi-output least-squares support vector regression: Comprehensive statistical and operating analyses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    16. Javier García López & Raffaele Sisto & Javier Benayas & Álvaro de Juanes & Julio Lumbreras & Carlos Mataix, 2021. "Assessment of the Results and Methodology of the Sustainable Development Index for Spanish Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-29, June.
    17. Pan, Yue & Ou, Shenwei & Zhang, Limao & Zhang, Wenjing & Wu, Xianguo & Li, Heng, 2019. "Modeling risks in dependent systems: A Copula-Bayesian approach," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 416-431.
    18. Adriana Gómez-Cabrera & Amalia Sanz-Benlloch & Laura Montalban-Domingo & Jose Luis Ponz-Tienda & Eugenio Pellicer, 2020. "Identification of Factors Affecting the Performance of Rural Road Projects in Colombia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-18, September.
    19. Yang, Zhenghao & Jia, Guangyu & Fang, Ziwen & Du, Yang & He, Guangyu & Wang, Zhenbiao, 2026. "Optimization research of combustion and energy conversion efficiency of elliptical rotary engine at high altitude using green hydrogen fuel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PF).
    20. Díaz-Vallejo, Mauricio & Peña-Peniche, Alexander & Mota-Vargas, Claudio & Piña-Torres, Javier & Valencia-Rodríguez, Daniel & Rangel-Rivera, Coral E. & Gaviria-Hernández, Juliana & Rojas-Soto, Octavio, 2024. "Analyses of the variable selection using correlation methods: An approach to the importance of statistical inferences in the modelling process," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 498(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:343:y:2026:i:c:s0360544225054179. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.