IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v332y2025ics0360544225027616.html

The effect of dual injection strategy on fuel distribution and combustion characteristics in ammonia/hydrogen rotary engines

Author

Listed:
  • Li, Pengzhen
  • Pan, Jianfeng
  • Fan, Baowei
  • Quaye, Evans K.
  • Zhang, Yi
  • Weng, Junjie
  • Yang, Wenming

Abstract

Ammonia/hydrogen blended fuel is considered one of the ideal alternative fuels for engines, with significant potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study combines experimental testing and numerical simulation to systematically investigate the impact of dual injection technology on the fuel distribution and combustion characteristics of ammonia/hydrogen rotary engines. The results indicate that adopting a dual injection strategy can significantly optimize fuel distribution, enhance combustion efficiency, and reduce emissions. As the timing of the dual injection is delayed from 130 °CA before the top dead center (BTDC) to 175 °CA BTDC, the fuel uniformity within the cylinder is significantly improved, the combustion duration is slightly reduced, and combustion stability is significantly improved. In particular, when the ammonia mass fraction of the dual injection is 70 % and the injection timing occurs between 160 °CA and 175 °CA BTDC, the combustion and emission performances are enhanced. In this case, the peak pressure for Case 175-70 % reaches 1.84 MPa, an increase of 0.6 bar compared to the single injection strategy. This strategy improves the mixture uniformity of fuel and air by optimizing the timing and proportion of ammonia dual injection, shorten the combustion duration to 11.91 °CA, and reduces unburned fuel and nitrogen oxide emissions. Case 175-70 % resulted in a 5.2 % increase in indicated power compared to single injection. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of ammonia/hydrogen fuel in rotary engines and offers practical guidance for developing efficient, low-emission engine technologies.

Suggested Citation

  • Li, Pengzhen & Pan, Jianfeng & Fan, Baowei & Quaye, Evans K. & Zhang, Yi & Weng, Junjie & Yang, Wenming, 2025. "The effect of dual injection strategy on fuel distribution and combustion characteristics in ammonia/hydrogen rotary engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:332:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225027616
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137119
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225027616
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.137119?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Muhammad Awais & Wei Li & Sajjad Hussain & Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema & Weiguo Li & Rui Song & Chenchen Liu, 2022. "Comparative Evaluation of Land Surface Temperature Images from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Satellite Observation for Agricultural Areas Using In Situ Data," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-19, January.
    2. Wang, Shuofeng & Sun, Yu & Yang, Jinxin & Wang, Huaiyu, 2024. "Effect of excess air ratio and ignition timing on the combustion and emission characteristics of the ammonia-hydrogen Wankel rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    3. Wang, Huaiyu & Ji, Changwei & Wang, Du & Wang, Zhe & Yang, Jinxin & Meng, Hao & Shi, Cheng & Wang, Shuofeng & Wang, Xin & Ge, Yunshan & Yang, Wenming, 2023. "Investigation on the potential of using carbon-free ammonia and hydrogen in small-scaled Wankel rotary engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    4. Zhang, Jinhe & Elbanna, Ahmed Mohammed & Zhu, Jizhen & Qian, Yong & Lu, Xingcai, 2025. "Research on the state-of-the-art of efficient and ultra-clean ammonia combustion: From combustion kinetics to engine applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 391(C).
    5. Dong, Pengbo & Chen, Shihao & Zhang, Lenan & Zhang, Zhenxian & Long, Wuqiang & Wang, Qingyang & Chen, Weize, 2024. "Ammonia diffusion combustion and emission formation characteristics in a single cylinder two stroke engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    6. Guo, Xinpeng & Li, Tie & Huang, Shuai & Zhou, Xinyi & Chen, Run & Wei, Wenze & Wu, Zehao & Wang, Ning & Li, Shiyan, 2025. "Characteristics of ignition, combustion and emission formation of premixed ammonia-hydrogen blends by hydrogen-fueled pre-chamber turbulent jets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    7. Sun, Bo & Wang, Yuyao & Shi, Cheng & Nie, Fuquan & Yan, Xiaodong, 2025. "Combined effect of chamber geometry and compression ratio on the combustion process in a methanol-enriched rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).
    8. Hongbo Li & Lewei Chen & Zongyi Zhang, 2022. "A Study on the Utilization Rate and Influencing Factors of Small Agricultural Machinery: Evidence from 10 Hilly and Mountainous Provinces in China," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-25, December.
    9. Fan, Baowei & Song, Anqi & Liu, Weikang & Jiang, Pengfei & Xu, Linxun & Pan, Jianfeng & Zhang, Yi, 2024. "Potential improvement in combustion performance of a natural gas rotary engine mixed with hydrogen by novel bluff-body," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 295(C).
    10. Nadimi, Ebrahim & Przybyła, Grzegorz & Løvås, Terese & Peczkis, Grzegorz & Adamczyk, Wojciech, 2023. "Experimental and numerical study on direct injection of liquid ammonia and its injection timing in an ammonia-biodiesel dual injection engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Du, Yang & Zhang, Zeqi & Pan, Yuyang & Yang, Zhenghao & Gao, Xu & He, Guangyu, 2026. "Ignition strategy optimization of novel n-butanol doping kerosene elliptical rotary engine using air-assisted direct injection: Combustion characteristics, thermodynamic and environmental performance improvement evaluation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    2. Li, Pengzhen & Pan, Jianfeng & Fan, Baowei & Quaye, Evans K. & Zhang, Yi & Yang, Wenming, 2026. "Effect of multi-stage ammonia injection strategy on combustion performance and emission characteristics of ammonia/hydrogen rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    3. Zhu, Xianqi & Lu, Maoqi & Wan, Kaidi & Liu, Rongtang & Jiang, Chongwen, 2025. "Numerical simulation on combustion emission of hydrogen-ammonia blended natural gas rotary engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 338(C).
    4. Liu, Long & Liu, Haoyu & Jiao, Huichao & Liu, Dai & Xue, Ranran & Liu, Xiao & Wang, Xin & Wang, Zhanguang & Mu, Hongyu & Wang, Huaiyu & Wu, Yunke, 2026. "Data-driven based ignition strategy optimization for hydrogen rotary engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 343(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhu, Xianqi & Lu, Maoqi & Wan, Kaidi & Liu, Rongtang & Jiang, Chongwen, 2025. "Numerical simulation on combustion emission of hydrogen-ammonia blended natural gas rotary engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 338(C).
    2. Bao, Jianhui & Lei, Jian & Zhang, Shiqi & Peng, Jianxin & Zhu, Jianzhuo & Shi, Cheng, 2025. "Stratified combustion optimization in ammonia/hydrogen rotary engines through asynchronous dual-direct-injection with thermal load management," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    3. Bao, Jianhui & Lei, Jian & Tian, Guohong & Wang, Xiaomeng & Wang, Huaiyu & Shi, Cheng, 2024. "A review of the application development and key technologies of rotary engines under the background of carbon neutrality," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    4. Du, Yang & Zhang, Zeqi & Pan, Yuyang & Yang, Zhenghao & Gao, Xu & He, Guangyu, 2026. "Ignition strategy optimization of novel n-butanol doping kerosene elliptical rotary engine using air-assisted direct injection: Combustion characteristics, thermodynamic and environmental performance improvement evaluation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    5. Zhang, Jinhe & Xie, Gujuntao & Zhu, Jizhen & Qian, Yong & Mo, Zonghua & Lu, Xingcai, 2025. "Towards high-efficiency and clean ammonia/diesel dual-fuel direct injection engines via intelligent charge compression ignition (ICCI) mode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    6. Sitorus, Tulus Burhanuddin & Nur, Taufiq Bin, 2025. "An integrative review of dual-fuel strategies, Nano-additives, and emission control in compression ignition engines fueled by renewable energy sources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 400(C).
    7. Wu, Haoqing & Jin, Zhuoying & Qian, Yong & Zhou, Dezhi & Shi, Lei & Lu, Xingcai, 2025. "Effects of injection parameters on the combustion characteristics of ammonia-diesel dual-fuel direct-injection (ADDI) mode and combustion enhancement at high ammonia energy ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    8. Du, Jiakun & Chen, Hong & Li, Yuhuai & Qi, Hongzhong & Wu, Weilong & Xie, Fangxi & Li, Yong, 2025. "Exploring the influence of mixture formation methods on combustion and emissions of hydrogen/ammonia dual-fuel engines at part loads and excess air coefficients," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
    9. Fan, Baowei & Jia, Xiaomin & Huo, Siquan & Pan, Jianfeng & Zeng, Yonghao & Wu, Xin & Jiang, Chao & Zhang, Yi & Yang, Wenming, 2025. "Numerical investigation of the effects of typical cylinder shapes with turbulent jet ignition on the combustion performance of methanol-fueled rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 338(C).
    10. Yang, Jinxin & Zhang, Yijin & Sun, Yu & Li, Hanlin & Ma, Haodong & Cai, Xiaoqian & Zhang, Hao, 2025. "An innovative method for enhancing the combustion and emission performance of a zero-carbon fuel Wankel rotary engine with high ammonia to hydrogen ratio and stoichiometric ratio conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    11. Wang, Long & Gan, Huibing & Li, Yuelong & Liu, Yanlin & Lu, Daoyi & Wang, Huaiyu, 2025. "Numerical investigation of ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engine based on ammonia thermal cracking for hydrogen to reduce unburned ammonia and GHG," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    12. Sun, Bo & Liu, Hang & Shi, Cheng & Wang, Ruofei & Wang, Huaiyu & Nie, Fuquan, 2025. "Comparative assessment of mixture formation and combustion characteristics of a hydrogen/n-butanol rotary engine with various rotor recess designs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 337(C).
    13. Lin, Zhelong & Liu, Yi & Chen, Qingchu & Sun, Qiyang & Zhu, Wuzhe & Qi, Yunliang & Wang, Zhi, 2025. "Experimental study on the combustion pattern in an ammonia engine using micro diesel ignition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    14. Sun, Bo & Liu, Hang & Shi, Cheng & Duan, Ruiling & Cheng, Tengfei & Zhao, Xi, 2025. "Parametric analysis of flow and combustion phenomena for ammonia-diesel heavy-duty engine considering intake air temperature and swirl ratio number," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    15. Li, Shiyan & Wang, Ning & Li, Tie & Chen, Run & Yi, Ping & Huang, Shuai & Zhou, Xinyi, 2024. "Experimental investigation on liquid length of direct-injection ammonia spray under engine-like conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    16. Yang, Zhenghao & Jia, Guangyu & Fang, Ziwen & Du, Yang & He, Guangyu & Wang, Zhenbiao, 2026. "Optimization research of combustion and energy conversion efficiency of elliptical rotary engine at high altitude using green hydrogen fuel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PF).
    17. Cui, Jingchen & Chen, Weize & Liu, Shuo & Sun, Xilei & Wang, Yang & Long, Wuqiang & Tian, Hua & Yang, Yong, 2026. "Controlling environmental adaptability in marine engines: The coupling effects of injector position, injection timing, and intake temperature under low-load, high-ammonia conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 346(C).
    18. Lingfeng, Zhong & Siyu, Liu & Rui, Liu & Yufeng, Chen & Jing, Li & Xiaodong, Miao, 2025. "Mixture formation characteristics and comprehensive evaluation of a biodiesel-fueled spark ignition aviation piston engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    19. Shi, Cheng & Zhang, Zheng & Wang, Huaiyu & Wang, Jingyi & Cheng, Tengfei & Zhang, Liang, 2024. "Parametric analysis and optimization of the combustion process and pollutant performance for ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    20. Chen, Zhanming & Zhao, Pengyun & Wang, Xiaochen & He, Haibin & Wu, Jie & Chen, Hao, 2026. "An optical study the spray and combustion characteristics of green and renewable ammonia with diesel pilot ignition under dual direct injection," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PG).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:332:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225027616. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.