IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v342y2026ics0360544225052910.html

Latching control of a bi-oscillator wave energy converter considers both the signal transmission and actuator execution latency effects

Author

Listed:
  • Ji, Xingda
  • Li, Liang

Abstract

Real-time control has the potential to enhance energy capture efficiency by actively optimizing the interaction between ocean waves and wave energy converters. While extensive researches on instantaneous control algorithms have been conducted, the knowledge of control strategies that incorporate control latency is limited. In this research, impacts of signal transmission latency and actuator execution latency on control performance are studied and a modified control algorithm is proposed to compensate the latency effect. The signal transmission latency is modeled using a time-lag module, while the actuator execution latency is represented by a time-varying differential equation. Impact of control latency on the dynamic response and energy capture performance of a bi-oscillator wave energy converter is studied. Given knowledge of future wave force forecasted by artificial neural network, receding horizon optimization is implemented to optimize the control sequence online. Simulation results indicate that control latency reduces the control performance significantly. Particularly, signal transmission latency having a more notable impact than actuator execution latency. This study confirms the significance of latency effect in the development of real-time wave energy control.

Suggested Citation

  • Ji, Xingda & Li, Liang, 2026. "Latching control of a bi-oscillator wave energy converter considers both the signal transmission and actuator execution latency effects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:342:y:2026:i:c:s0360544225052910
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139649
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225052910
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.139649?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Qiu, Shouqiang & Liu, Kun & Wang, Dongjiao & Ye, Jiawei & Liang, Fulin, 2019. "A comprehensive review of ocean wave energy research and development in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    2. Wu, Jinming & Yao, Yingxue & Zhou, Liang & Göteman, Malin, 2018. "Real-time latching control strategies for the solo Duck wave energy converter in irregular waves," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 717-728.
    3. Li, Liang & Gao, Yan, 2023. "Development of a real-time wave energy control with consideration of control latency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    4. Dalton, G.J. & Alcorn, R. & Lewis, T., 2010. "Case study feasibility analysis of the Pelamis wave energy convertor in Ireland, Portugal and North America," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 443-455.
    5. Henriques, J.C.C. & Gato, L.M.C. & Falcão, A.F.O. & Robles, E. & Faÿ, F.-X., 2016. "Latching control of a floating oscillating-water-column wave energy converter," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 229-241.
    6. Wang, Liguo & Isberg, Jan & Tedeschi, Elisabetta, 2018. "Review of control strategies for wave energy conversion systems and their validation: the wave-to-wire approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 366-379.
    7. Shadman, Milad & Guarniz Avalos, Gustavo Omar & Estefen, Segen F., 2021. "On the power performance of a wave energy converter with a direct mechanical drive power take-off system controlled by latching," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 157-177.
    8. Sheng, Wanan & Alcorn, Raymond & Lewis, Anthony, 2015. "On improving wave energy conversion, part I: Optimal and control technologies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 922-934.
    9. Son, Daewoong & Yeung, Ronald W., 2017. "Optimizing ocean-wave energy extraction of a dual coaxial-cylinder WEC using nonlinear model predictive control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 746-757.
    10. Li, Liang & Yuan, Zhiming & Gao, Yan, 2018. "Maximization of energy absorption for a wave energy converter using the deep machine learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 340-349.
    11. Li, Guang & Belmont, Mike R., 2014. "Model predictive control of sea wave energy converters – Part II: The case of an array of devices," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 540-549.
    12. Li, Guang & Belmont, Michael R., 2014. "Model predictive control of sea wave energy converters – Part I: A convex approach for the case of a single device," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 453-463.
    13. Ali, Raza & Meek, Moira & Robertson, Bryson, 2025. "Submerged wave energy converter dynamics and the impact of PTO-mooring configuration on power performance," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    14. Li, L. & Gao, Y. & Ning, D.Z. & Yuan, Z.M., 2021. "Development of a constraint non-causal wave energy control algorithm based on artificial intelligence," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Faÿ, François-Xavier & Henriques, João C. & Kelly, James & Mueller, Markus & Abusara, Moahammad & Sheng, Wanan & Marcos, Marga, 2020. "Comparative assessment of control strategies for the biradial turbine in the Mutriku OWC plant," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 2766-2784.
    2. Li, L. & Gao, Y. & Ning, D.Z. & Yuan, Z.M., 2021. "Development of a constraint non-causal wave energy control algorithm based on artificial intelligence," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    3. Li, Liang & Gao, Yan, 2023. "Development of a real-time wave energy control with consideration of control latency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    4. Shadmani, Alireza & Nikoo, Mohammad Reza & Gandomi, Amir H. & Chen, Mingjie & Nazari, Rouzbeh, 2024. "Advancements in optimizing wave energy converter geometry utilizing metaheuristic algorithms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    5. Ozkop, Emre & Altas, Ismail H., 2017. "Control, power and electrical components in wave energy conversion systems: A review of the technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 106-115.
    6. Ni, Wenchi & Zhang, Xu & Zhang, Wei & Liang, Shuangling, 2021. "Numerical investigation of adaptive damping control for raft-type wave energy converters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 520-531.
    7. Del Pozo Gonzalez, Hector & Bianchi, Fernando D. & Dominguez-Garcia, Jose Luis & Gomis-Bellmunt, Oriol, 2023. "Co-located wind-wave farms: Optimal control and grid integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    8. He, Guanghua & Luan, Zhengxiao & Zhang, Wei & He, Runhua & Liu, Chaogang & Yang, Kaibo & Yang, Changhao & Jing, Penglin & Zhang, Zhigang, 2023. "Review on research approaches for multi-point absorber wave energy converters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    9. Shadman, Milad & Guarniz Avalos, Gustavo Omar & Estefen, Segen F., 2021. "On the power performance of a wave energy converter with a direct mechanical drive power take-off system controlled by latching," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 157-177.
    10. Zhang, Zhenquan & Qin, Jian & Zhang, Yuchen & Huang, Shuting & Liu, Yanjun & Xue, Gang, 2023. "Cooperative model predictive control for Wave Energy Converter arrays," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).
    11. Pasta, Edoardo & Faedo, Nicolás & Mattiazzo, Giuliana & Ringwood, John V., 2023. "Towards data-driven and data-based control of wave energy systems: Classification, overview, and critical assessment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    12. Li, Hai & Shi, Xiaodan & Kong, Weihua & Kong, Lingji & Hu, Yongli & Wu, Xiaoping & Pan, Hongye & Zhang, Zutao & Pan, Yajia & Yan, Jinyue, 2025. "Advanced wave energy conversion technologies for sustainable and smart sea: A comprehensive review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
    13. Qin, Hao & Su, Haowen & Wen, Zhixuan & Liang, Hongjian, 2025. "Latching control of a point absorber wave energy converter in irregular wave environments coupling computational fluid dynamics and deep reinforcement learning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 396(C).
    14. Liang, Hongjian & Qin, Hao & Su, Haowen & Wen, Zhixuan & Mu, Lin, 2024. "Environmental-Sensing and adaptive optimization of wave energy converter based on deep reinforcement learning and computational fluid dynamics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 297(C).
    15. Younesian, Davood & Alam, Mohammad-Reza, 2017. "Multi-stable mechanisms for high-efficiency and broadband ocean wave energy harvesting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 292-302.
    16. Gao, Yu & Ke, Li & Liu, Kun & Zhang, Ming & Gao, Zhenguo, 2025. "Latching control strategies for improving performance of coupled linear-bistable wave energy converters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    17. Bechlenberg, Alva & Wei, Yanji & Jayawardhana, Bayu & Vakis, Antonis I., 2023. "Analysing the influence of power take-off adaptability on the power extraction of dense wave energy converter arrays," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 1-12.
    18. Yadong Wen & Weijun Wang & Hua Liu & Longbo Mao & Hongju Mi & Wenqiang Wang & Guoping Zhang, 2018. "A Shape Optimization Method of a Specified Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter for the South China Sea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-22, October.
    19. Lin, Zechuan & Huang, Xuanrui & Xiao, Xi & Ringwood, John V., 2025. "Fast optimal control performance evaluation for wave energy control co-design," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    20. Son, Daewoong & Yeung, Ronald W., 2017. "Real-time implementation and validation of optimal damping control for a permanent-magnet linear generator in wave energy extraction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 571-579.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:342:y:2026:i:c:s0360544225052910. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.