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Real-time adaptive energy management for off-road hybrid electric vehicles based on decision-time planning

Author

Listed:
  • Yang, Ningkang
  • Han, Lijin
  • Bo, Lin
  • Liu, Baoshuai
  • Chen, Xiuqi
  • Liu, Hui
  • Xiang, Changle

Abstract

Unknown and changeable driving conditions of off-road hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) challenge its energy management strategy (EMS). To tackle this issue, the paper develops a real-time adaptive strategy for off-road HEVs through decision-time planning (DTP), which is a unique method of model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL). First, the MBRL framework for the energy management problem is established, including a RL-oriented model and the DTP algorithm. The RL model consists of a deterministic nonlinear state space model and a stochastic recursive Markov Chain (MC), and the latter is constructed online and updated constantly according to new observations, which can reflect the driving condition precisely. Then, the DTP algorithm is detailed and applied. Instead of learning an overall policy for an entire driving cycle, it seeks to learn the optimal action for each encountered vehicle state, which improves the learning efficiency and realizes the real-time adaptive EMS. In the simulation, assuming that no prior information of the driving conditions is known, the proposed EMS only takes about 1–3% more fuel and 10% more battery life than dynamic programming in both off-road driving conditions and standard road cycles. The EMS significantly outperforms traditional Q-learning and rule-based strategy, verifying its optimization capability and adaptability.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Ningkang & Han, Lijin & Bo, Lin & Liu, Baoshuai & Chen, Xiuqi & Liu, Hui & Xiang, Changle, 2023. "Real-time adaptive energy management for off-road hybrid electric vehicles based on decision-time planning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:282:y:2023:i:c:s0360544223022260
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.128832
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yang, Ningkang & Han, Lijin & Xiang, Changle & Liu, Hui & Li, Xunmin, 2021. "An indirect reinforcement learning based real-time energy management strategy via high-order Markov Chain model for a hybrid electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    2. Xu, Bin & Rathod, Dhruvang & Zhang, Darui & Yebi, Adamu & Zhang, Xueyu & Li, Xiaoya & Filipi, Zoran, 2020. "Parametric study on reinforcement learning optimized energy management strategy for a hybrid electric vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    3. Zou, Runnan & Fan, Likang & Dong, Yanrui & Zheng, Siyu & Hu, Chenxing, 2021. "DQL energy management: An online-updated algorithm and its application in fix-line hybrid electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
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    6. Yang, Ningkang & Ruan, Shumin & Han, Lijin & Liu, Hui & Guo, Lingxiong & Xiang, Changle, 2023. "Reinforcement learning-based real-time intelligent energy management for hybrid electric vehicles in a model predictive control framework," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    7. Li, Yuecheng & He, Hongwen & Khajepour, Amir & Wang, Hong & Peng, Jiankun, 2019. "Energy management for a power-split hybrid electric bus via deep reinforcement learning with terrain information," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
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