Tipping the balance: introducing the see-saw model of young adults unmet healthcare needs through a critical realist and patient-oriented approach

This study explores the associations between sociodemographic factors, unmet healthcare needs (UHN), and mental illness among Canadian young adults aged 18–30, employing a Critical Realist (CR) and patient-oriented research (POR) approach. Utilizing data from the 2017–2018 Canadian Community Health Survey, the analysis examines how structural, cultural, and agentic mechanisms influence self-reported UHN. Despite an unexpectedly low overall proportion of UHN (<5%), the results suggest significant disparities, with higher UHN likelihoods among equity-deserving subgroups, such as those experiencing food insecurity or identifying as non-heterosexual. The findings also indicate a difference from geographic disparities (e.g., where you are) and UHN to those tied to social identity (e.g., who you are) with mental illness, highlighting the role of mutable and immutable factors. The study introduces the See-Saw Model of young adults UHN, conceptualizing healthcare experiences as a dynamic balance between stabilizing forces (e.g., social networks) and destabilizing pressures (e.g., stigma). Central to this model is the distinction between “being saw” (utilization) and “being seen” (validation of identity and needs), emphasizing the critical role of person-centred care. The findings challenge assumptions that low UHN rates reflect system efficacy and underscore the need to rethink healthcare metrics and policies. By integrating CR’s emphasis on causative mechanisms and POR’s lived experience insights, the study provides actionable pathways for addressing inequities and improving healthcare access for young adults. This work calls for equity-focused interventions that prioritize structural reforms and culturally sensitive practices to bridge the gap between healthcare utilization and meaningful care.