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Carob pod as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol in Mediterranean areas

Author

Listed:
  • Sánchez, S.
  • Lozano, L.J.
  • Godínez, C.
  • Juan, D.
  • Pérez, A.
  • Hernández, F.J.

Abstract

There is a growing interest worldwide to find out new and cheap carbohydrate sources for production of bioethanol. In this context, carob pod (Ceratonia siliqua) is proposed as an economical source for bioethanol production, especially, in arid regions. The carob tree is an evergreen shrub native to the Mediterranean region, cultivated for its edible seed pods and it is currently being reemphasised as an alternative in dryland areas, because no carbon-enriched lands are necessary. In this work, the global process of ethanol production from carob pod was studied. In a first stage, aqueous extraction of sugars from the pod was conducted, achieving very high yields (>99%) in a short period of time. The process was followed by acid or alkaline hydrolysis of washed pod at different operating conditions, the best results (R = 38.20%) being reached with sulphuric acid (2% v/v) at 90 °C, using a L/S (liquid/solid) ratio of 7.5 and shaking at 700 rpm for 420 min. After that, fermentation of hydrolysates were tested at 30 °C, 125 rpm, 200 g/L of sugars and 15 g/L of yeast with three different kinds of yeasts. In these conditions a maximum of 95 g/L of ethanol was obtained after 24 h. Finally, the distillation and dehydration of water-bioethanol mixtures was analyzed using the chemical process simulation software CHEMCAD with the aim of estimate the energy requirements of the process.

Suggested Citation

  • Sánchez, S. & Lozano, L.J. & Godínez, C. & Juan, D. & Pérez, A. & Hernández, F.J., 2010. "Carob pod as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol in Mediterranean areas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(11), pages 3417-3424, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:87:y:2010:i:11:p:3417-3424
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cherubini, Francesco & Ulgiati, Sergio, 2010. "Crop residues as raw materials for biorefinery systems - A LCA case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 47-57, January.
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    3. Balat, Mustafa & Balat, Havva, 2009. "Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(11), pages 2273-2282, November.
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    1. Bharathiraja, B. & Jayamuthunagai, J. & Sudharsanaa, T. & Bharghavi, A. & Praveenkumar, R. & Chakravarthy, M. & Yuvaraj, D., 2017. "Biobutanol – An impending biofuel for future: A review on upstream and downstream processing tecniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 788-807.
    2. Mazaheri, Davood & Shojaosadati, Seyed Abbas & Mousavi, Seyyed Mohammad & Hejazi, Parisa & Saharkhiz, Saeed, 2012. "Bioethanol production from carob pods by solid-state fermentation with Zymomonas mobilis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 372-378.
    3. Bessa, Larissa C.B.A. & Batista, Fabio R.M. & Meirelles, Antonio J.A., 2012. "Double-effect integration of multicomponent alcoholic distillation columns," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 603-612.
    4. Kumar, Manish & Gayen, Kalyan, 2011. "Developments in biobutanol production: New insights," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(6), pages 1999-2012, June.
    5. Rosa Mahtout & Víctor Manuel Ortiz-Martínez & María José Salar-García & Isabel Gracia & Francisco José Hernández-Fernández & Antonia Pérez de los Ríos & Farid Zaidia & Sergio Sanchez-Segado & Luis Jav, 2018. "Algerian Carob Tree Products: A Comprehensive Valorization Analysis and Future Prospects," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-10, January.

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