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Degradation of commercial Li4Ti5O12-based lithium-ion batteries under extremely fast cycling rates

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  • Su, Laisuo
  • Bazant, Martin Z.
  • Millner, Alan
  • Bai, Peng

Abstract

Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its good cycle stability, rate capability, and safety. The relatively high Li+ intercalation plateau of about 1.55 V prevents the occurrence of lithium plating even at extremely high C-rates. In this study, we introduce a test protocol that can accurately evaluate the high-rate cycling performance of LTO-based LIBs. Two types of large-format commercial batteries are investigated, one with a capacity of 13 Ah (battery-A) and one with 3 Ah (battery-B). By incorporating two low-C-rate cycles every 50 high-C-rate cycles, we identify not only the overall capacity degradation but also the shifting state-of-charge range that the two types of batteries go through during cycling tests at various high C-rates (from 5C to 20C). Based on the uncovered mechanisms, a single-particle model is developed that can predict the aging behavior of the tested batteries at different C-rates. The study provides a simple onboard testing protocol to accurately evaluate the performance of LTO-based batteries.

Suggested Citation

  • Su, Laisuo & Bazant, Martin Z. & Millner, Alan & Bai, Peng, 2025. "Degradation of commercial Li4Ti5O12-based lithium-ion batteries under extremely fast cycling rates," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 386(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:386:y:2025:i:c:s0306261925003241
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125594
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Arumugam Manthiram, 2020. "A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-9, December.
    2. Su, Laisuo & Zhang, Jianbo & Wang, Caijuan & Zhang, Yakun & Li, Zhe & Song, Yang & Jin, Ting & Ma, Zhao, 2016. "Identifying main factors of capacity fading in lithium ion cells using orthogonal design of experiments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 201-210.
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